{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:24:24Z","timestamp":1791491064587,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany","award":["01EI1702A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EI1702A"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","award":["2819113519, 2818SE001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2819113519, 2818SE001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"German Center for Infection Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTU 01.801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 01.801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","award":["721367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["721367"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One year after the first autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) to birds and horses in Germany, an epizootic emergence of WNV was again observed in 2019. The number of infected birds and horses was considerably higher compared to 2018 (12 birds, two horses), resulting in the observation of the first WNV epidemy in Germany: 76 cases in birds, 36 in horses and five confirmed mosquito-borne, autochthonous human cases. We demonstrated that Germany experienced several WNV introduction events and that strains of a distinct group (Eastern German WNV clade), which was introduced to Germany as a single introduction event, dominated mosquito, birds, horse and human-related virus variants in 2018 and 2019. Virus strains in this clade are characterized by a specific-Lys2114Arg mutation, which might lead to an increase in viral fitness. Extraordinary high temperatures in 2018\/2019 allowed a low extrinsic incubation period (EIP), which drove the epizootic emergence and, in the end, most likely triggered the 2019 epidemic. Spatiotemporal EIP values correlated with the geographical WNV incidence. This study highlights the risk of a further spread in Germany in the next years with additional human WNV infections. Thus, surveillance of birds is essential to provide an early epidemic warning and thus, initiate targeted control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T09:19:50Z","timestamp":1586942390000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["West Nile Virus Epidemic in Germany Triggered by Epizootic Emergence, 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ute","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline Dianne","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Groschup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-8288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8408-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"H\u00f6per","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Eisermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Klopfleisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universitat Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 M\u00fcncheberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Kampen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raskit","family":"Lachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birke Andrea","family":"Tews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Wylezich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Rinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Lachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union, 10117 Berlin, 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