{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:58:45Z","timestamp":1792684725826,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI095227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI095227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI111820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI111820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI145265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI145265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI118804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI118804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI145397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI145397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI143005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2I01BX000624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2I01BX000624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and contagious virus that results in acute respiratory tract infections in infants. In many cases, the symptoms of RSV remain mild, however, a subset of individuals develop severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis. As such, RSV is the chief cause of infant hospitalization within the United States. Typically, the immune response to RSV is a type 1 response that involves both the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, type 2 cytokines may also be produced as a result of infection of RSV and there is increasing evidence that children who develop severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis are at a greater risk of developing asthma later in life. This review summarizes the contribution of a newly described cell type, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), and epithelial-derived alarmin proteins that activate ILC2, including IL-33, IL-25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). ILC2 activation leads to the production of type 2 cytokines and the induction of a type 2 response during RSV infection. Intervening in this innate type 2 inflammatory pathway may have therapeutic implications for severe RSV-induced disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T11:26:00Z","timestamp":1588937160000},"page":"521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Innate Type 2 Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Allison E.","family":"Norlander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"R. Stokes","family":"Peebles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200207000-00005","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus-coded pediatric hospitalizations. 1997 to 1999","volume":"21","author":"Leader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.35.12.519","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis","volume":"35","author":"Piedimonte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"4660","article-title":"Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"40","author":"Plesca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-013-8368-9","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"45","author":"Borchers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(03)00047-7","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus in healthy adults: The cost of a cold","volume":"27","author":"Hashem","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043951","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Elderly and High-Risk Adults","volume":"352","author":"Falsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200522070-00004","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly adults","volume":"22","author":"Falsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000000455","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Older Adults: A Hidden Annual Epidemic","volume":"24","author":"Talbot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"94","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.11.010","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: An Illness for All Ages","volume":"38","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800725","article-title":"The histopathology of fatal untreated human respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-03310-7","article-title":"New therapies for acute RSV infections: Where are we?","volume":"178","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200008000-00032","article-title":"Therapy of respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"19","author":"DeVincenzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.11.029","article-title":"Isosteric ribavirin analogues: Synthesis and antiviral activities","volume":"28","author":"Zhurilo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.A., Seong, R.K., Kumar, M., and Shin, O.S. (2018). Favipiravir and ribavirin inhibit replication of Asian and African strains of zika virus in different cell models. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020072"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S60710","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus: Current and emerging treatment options","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/v5010211","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitors targeting the F protein","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"CD000181","article-title":"Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children","volume":"24","author":"Ventre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78450","article-title":"Palivizumab epitope-displaying virus-like particles protect rodents from RSV challenge","volume":"125","author":"Schickli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"295","article-title":"Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in hieh-risk infants. the IMpact-RSV study group","volume":"210","author":"Connor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00454-2","article-title":"Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease","volume":"143","author":"Feltes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behzadi, M.A., and Leyva-Grado, V.H. (2019). Overview of current therapeutics and novel candidates against influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01327"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"53","article-title":"Assessing Variation in the Cost of Palivizumab for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prevention in Preterm Infants","volume":"2","author":"Shahabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Open"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-014-0046-6","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Palivizumab in Children at High Risk of Serious Disease Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Wegzyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e984","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30344-3","article-title":"Global respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in young children, (RSV GOLD): A retrospective case series","volume":"5","author":"Scheltema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804877","article-title":"The Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children","volume":"360","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00090-16","article-title":"The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4294-4303.2002","article-title":"NK T Cells Contribute to Expansion of CD8+ T Cells and Amplification of Antiviral Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001758","article-title":"NK Cell Deficiency Predisposes to Viral-Induced Th2-Type Allergic Inflammation via Epithelial-Derived IL-25","volume":"185","author":"Kaiko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000053887.26571.eb","article-title":"Links between respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and childhood asthma: Clinical and research approaches","volume":"22","author":"Openshaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328360bd2e","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and asthma: Speed-dating or long-term relationship?","volume":"25","author":"Piedimonte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigurs, N., Aljassim, F., Kjellman, B., Robinson, P.D., Sigurbergsson, F., Bjarnason, R., and Gustafsson, P.M. (2010). Asthma and allergy patterns over 18 years after severe RSV bronchiolitis in the first year of life. Thorax.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.121582"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23113","article-title":"Gender- and age-specific risk factors for wheeze from birth through adolescence","volume":"50","author":"Tse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0686-1","article-title":"Mechanisms Driving Gender Differences in Asthma","volume":"17","author":"Fuseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20545","article-title":"Changing trends in sex specific prevalence rates for childhood asthma, eczema, and hay fever","volume":"42","author":"Osman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.01.009","article-title":"Does respiratory syncytial virus subtype influences the severity of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants?","volume":"98","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70342-1","article-title":"Dexamethasone in salbutamol-treated inpatients with acute bronchiolitis: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"130","author":"Klassen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0900544","article-title":"Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis","volume":"360","author":"Plint","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071255","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis","volume":"357","author":"Corneli","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02877.x","article-title":"Association of cytokine responses with disease severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.39","article-title":"Association of IL-13 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary disease: Still a promising target","volume":"8","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051055","article-title":"Differential immune responses and pulmonary pathophysiology are induced by two different strains of respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"169","author":"Lukacs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01853-08","article-title":"A Chimeric A2 Strain of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, RSV) with the Fusion Protein of RSV Strain Line 19 Exhibits Enhanced Viral Load, Mucus, and Airway Dysfunction","volume":"83","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01693-10","article-title":"Differential pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus clinical isolates in BALB\/c mice","volume":"85","author":"Stokes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12506","article-title":"Mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma: The past, present and yet to come","volume":"45","author":"Chapman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5909","article-title":"Pulmonary expression of interleukin-13 causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial fibrosis, physiologic abnormalities, and eotaxin production","volume":"103","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/rr41","article-title":"Th2 cytokines and asthma. The role of interleukin-5 in allergic eosinophilic disease","volume":"2","author":"Greenfeder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.04.005","article-title":"Respiratory viruses and eosinophils: Exploring the connections","volume":"83","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000319842","article-title":"Respiratory Viruses, Eosinophilia and Their Roles in Childhood Asthma","volume":"155","author":"Callaway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.10.1737","article-title":"Induction of airway mucus production by T helper 2 (Th2) cells: A critical role for interleukin 4 in cell recruitment but not mucus production","volume":"186","author":"Cohn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/rr40","article-title":"Th2 cytokines and asthma. Interleukin-4: Its role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and targeting it for asthma treatment with interleukin-4 receptor antagonists","volume":"2","author":"Steinke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14189","article-title":"The biology of innate lymphoid cells","volume":"517","author":"Artis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.017","article-title":"Innate Lymphoid Cells: 10 Years On","volume":"174","author":"Vivier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.09.041","article-title":"Innate IL-13-producing nuocytes arise during allergic lung inflammation and contribute to airways hyperreactivity","volume":"129","author":"Barlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.12.020","article-title":"Lung Natural Helper Cells Are a Critical Source of Th2 Cell-Type Cytokines in Protease Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Halim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2045","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells mediate influenza-induced airway hyper-reactivity independently of adaptive immunity","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, J.Y., Bentley, J.K., Chung, Y., Lei, J., Steenrod, J.M., Chen, Q., Sajjan, U.S., and Hershenson, M.B. (2014). Neonatal rhinovirus induces mucous metaplasia and airways hyperresponsiveness through IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.020"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08900","article-title":"Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity","volume":"464","author":"Neill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08636","article-title":"Innate production of TH 2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit+ Sca-1+ lymphoid cells","volume":"463","author":"Moro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11489","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003988107","article-title":"Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity","volume":"107","author":"Price","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016002352","article-title":"IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP induce a distinct phenotypic and activation profile in human type 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"1","author":"Camelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700216","article-title":"The Innate Cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP Cooperate in the Induction of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Expansion and Mucous Metaplasia in Rhinovirus-Infected Immature Mice","volume":"199","author":"Hinde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213613","article-title":"RAGE-induced ilc2 expansion in acute lung injury due to haemorrhagic shock","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0768-3","article-title":"Dupilumab: First Global Approval","volume":"77","author":"Shirley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304048","article-title":"Dupilumab in Persistent Asthma with Elevated Eosinophil Levels","volume":"368","author":"Wenzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31881-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): Results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials","volume":"394","author":"Bachert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2020, April 30). Efficacy and Safety Study of GSK3772847 in Subjects with Moderately Severe Asthma, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03207243."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2020, April 30). Repeat Dose Study of GSK3772847 in Participants with Moderate to Severe Asthma with Allergic Fungal Airway Disease (AFAD), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03393806."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2020, April 30). Evaluation of SAR440340 and as Combination Therapy with Dupilumab in Moderate-To-Severe Asthma Patients, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03387852."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2020, April 30). Proof of Concept Study to Investigate ANB020 Activity in Adult Patients with Severe Eosinophilic Asthma, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03469934?term=ANB020&draw=2&rank=1."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2020, April 30). Etokimab\u2014AnaptysBio. Available online: https:\/\/www.anaptysbio.com\/pipeline\/etokimab\/."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3489","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells as regulators of immunity, inflammation and tissue homeostasis","volume":"17","author":"Klose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12706","article-title":"The group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) regulatory network and its underlying mechanisms","volume":"286","author":"Kabata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13490","article-title":"Activation through toll-like receptor 2 on group 2 innate lymphoid cells can induce asthmatic characteristics","volume":"49","author":"Ishii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.032","article-title":"Human circulating group 2 innate lymphoid cells can express CD154 and promote IgE production","volume":"139","author":"Maggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2366OC","article-title":"Elevated levels of type 2 respiratory innate lymphoid cells in human infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis","volume":"200","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601984","article-title":"STAT1 Represses Cytokine-Producing Group 2 and Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells during Viral Infection","volume":"199","author":"Stier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.9","article-title":"The interferons and their receptors-distribution and regulation","volume":"90","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.9.2977","article-title":"IL-4 and IFN (alpha and gamma) exert opposite regulatory effects on the development of cytolytic potential by Th1 or Th2 human T cell clones","volume":"149","author":"Parronchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2567OC","article-title":"Reduced nasal viral load and IFN responses in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and respiratory failure","volume":"198","author":"Thwaites","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.3515","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Expression of OX40 Ligand Acts as a Costimulatory, Not Polarizing, Signal for Optimal Th2 Priming and Memory Induction In Vivo","volume":"179","author":"Jenkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105784","article-title":"Critical role of OX40\/OX40L in ILC2-mediated activation of CD4+T cells during respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice","volume":"76","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2019-0084","article-title":"Essential role of CD4+ T cells for the activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells during respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1852","article-title":"Sensing the outside world: TSLP regulates barrier immunity","volume":"11","author":"Ziegler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05128.x","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"1183","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Ziegler, S.F., Roan, F., Bell, B.D., Stoklasek, T.A., Kitajima, M., and Han, H. (2013). Advances in Pharmacology, Academic Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"174","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin: To Cut a Long Story Short","volume":"3","author":"Tsilingiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMGH"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.8183","article-title":"Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression Is Increased in Asthmatic Airways and Correlates with Expression of Th2-Attracting Chemokines and Disease Severity","volume":"174","author":"Ying","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701455","article-title":"Elevated Expression of IL-33 and TSLP in the Airways of Human Asthmatics In Vivo: A Potential Biomarker of Severe Refractory Disease","volume":"200","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toki, S., Goleniewska, K., Zhang, J., Zhou, W., Newcomb, D.C., Zhou, B., Kita, H., Boyd, K.L., and Peebles, R.S. (2020). TSLP and IL-33 reciprocally promote each other\u2019s lung protein expression and ILC2 receptor expression to enhance innate type-2 airway inflammation. Allergy.","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14196"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6787","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006787","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, and periostin in hospitalized infants with viral bronchiolitis","volume":"96","author":"Calvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2016.8.6.491","article-title":"Using periostin as a biomarker in the treatment of asthma","volume":"8","author":"Izuhara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.031","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is induced by respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells and promotes a type 2 response to infection","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"53","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus induces functional thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor in airway epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Miazgowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.85","article-title":"TSLP from RSV-stimulated rat airway epithelial cells activates myeloid dendritic cells","volume":"89","author":"Qiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.08.033","article-title":"Responsiveness to respiratory syncytial virus in neonates is mediated through thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 ligand","volume":"130","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.01.050","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection activates IL-13\u2013producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells through thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"138","author":"Stier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0171-3","article-title":"Sex-associated TSLP-induced immune alterations following early-life RSV infection leads to enhanced allergic disease","volume":"12","author":"Malinczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.95","article-title":"Interleukin-33 in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Liew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.05.008","article-title":"Macrophages produce IL-33 by activating MAPK signaling pathway during RSV infection","volume":"87","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.10.022","article-title":"Respiratory macrophages and dendritic cells mediate respiratory syncytial virus-induced IL-33 production in TLR3- or TLR7-dependent manner","volume":"29","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, W., Zou, G.L., Zhang, W., Lai, X.N., Chen, H.W., and Xiong, L.X. (2018). Interleukin-33: Its emerging role in allergic diseases. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071665"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051166","article-title":"Resolution of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity after in vivo transfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is interleukin 10 dependent","volume":"202","author":"Kearley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saravia, J., You, D., Shrestha, B., Jaligama, S., Siefker, D., Lee, G.I., Harding, J.N., Jones, T.L., Rovnaghi, C., and Bagga, B. (2015). Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Is Mediated by Age-Variable IL-33. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005217"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.053","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor signaling attenuates respiratory syncytial virus\u2013induced type 2 responses and immunopathology","volume":"142","author":"Bloodworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.05.035","article-title":"Natural helper cells contribute to pulmonary eosinophilia by producing IL-13 via IL-33\/ST2 pathway in a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.071","article-title":"First-Breath-Induced Type 2 Pathways Shape the Lung Immune Environment","volume":"18","author":"Saluzzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.200.Supp.44.27","article-title":"Activation of neonatal mouse lung ILC2s by endogenous IL-33 impacts type 2 responses later in life","volume":"200","author":"Steer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.031","article-title":"Perinatal Activation of the Interleukin-33 Pathway Promotes Type 2 Immunity in the Developing Lung","volume":"45","author":"Kool","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.H., Lai, A.C.Y., Chi, P.Y., Thio, C.L.P., Chen, W.Y., Tsai, C.H., Lee, Y.L., Lukacs, N.W., and Chang, Y.J. (2019). Pulmonary IL-33 orchestrates innate immune cells to mediate RSV-evoked airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilia. Allergy Eur. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14091"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, W., Malinczak, C.-A., Schuler, C.F., Best, S.K.K., Rasky, A.J., Morris, S.B., Cui, T.X., Popova, A.P., and Lukacs, N.W. (2020). Uric acid pathway activation during respiratory virus infection promotes Th2 immune response via innate cytokine production and ILC2 accumulation. Mucosal Immunol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0264-z"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7555","article-title":"Xanthine oxidoreductase regulates macrophage IL1\u03b2 secretion upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"6","author":"Ives","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, M., Ishikawa, T., Bermick, J.R., Rajput, C., Lei, J., Goldsmith, A.M., Jarman, C.R., Lee, J., Bentley, J.K., and Hershenson, M.B. (2020). IL-1\u03b2 prevents ILC2 expansion, type 2 cytokine secretion, and mucus metaplasia in response to early-life rhinovirus infection in mice. Allergy.","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14241"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, C., Zhang, Z., Xie, T., Ji, J., Xu, J., Lin, L., Yan, J., Kang, A., Dai, Q., and Dong, Y. (2020). Rhein suppresses lung inflammatory injury induced by human respiratory syncytial virus through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via NF-\u03baB pathway in mice. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01600"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1594","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): Nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal","volume":"5","author":"Lotze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2014.55.5.1165","article-title":"The role of high mobility group box 1 in innate immunity","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200911078","article-title":"Endogenous HMGB1 regulates autophagy","volume":"190","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.03998.x","article-title":"The role of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in the pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"42","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2015.06.008","article-title":"Sputum high mobility group box-1 in asthmatic children: A noninvasive sensitive biomarker reflecting disease status","volume":"115","author":"Cuppari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L280","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00552.2017","article-title":"High-mobility group box-1 protein from CC10 + club cells promotes type 2 response in the later stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"316","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.60","article-title":"HMGB1 contributes to allergen-induced airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma by modulating airway inflammation and activating lung fibroblasts","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1732","article-title":"High mobility group box 1: A novel mediator of Th2-type responseinduced airway inflammation of acute allergic asthma","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"700","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus increases the expression and release of high mobility group Box-1 protein in the lung tissue of mice","volume":"30","author":"Hou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. South. Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.6","article-title":"Induction of high-mobility group Box-1 in vitro and in vivo by respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"83","author":"Manti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9618","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01279-16","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Triggers Epithelial HMGB1 Release as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Promoting a Monocytic Inflammatory Response","volume":"90","author":"Hosakote","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800558","article-title":"Proinflammatory Effects of Respiratory Syncytial Virus\u2013Induced Epithelial HMGB1 on Human Innate Immune Cell Activation","volume":"201","author":"Rayavara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arikkatt, J., Ullah, M.A., Short, K.R., Zhang, V., Gan, W.J., Loh, Z., Werder, R.B., Simpson, J., Sly, P.D., and Mazzone, S.B. (2017). RAGE deficiency predisposes mice to virus-induced paucigranulocytic asthma. Elife, 6.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.21199"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02564-9","article-title":"The Absence of Interferon-\u03b2 Promotor Stimulator-1 (IPS-1) Predisposes to Bronchiolitis and Asthma-like Pathology in Response to Pneumoviral Infection in Mice","volume":"7","author":"Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, J., Loh, Z., Ullah, M.A., Lynch, J.P., Werder, R.B., Collinson, N., Zhang, V., Dondelinger, Y., Bertrand, M.J.M., and Everard, M.L. (2020). RSV Infection Promotes Necroptosis and HMGB1 Release by Airway Epithelial Cells. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1149OC"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.11.022","article-title":"Signaling of interleukin-17 family cytokines in immunity and inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12558","article-title":"IL-25 in allergic inflammation","volume":"278","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00840","article-title":"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in pulmonary immunity and tissue homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Mindt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.24","article-title":"IL-25: A key requirement for the regulation of type-2 immunity","volume":"35","author":"Barlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12707","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-25: Pleiotropic roles in asthma","volume":"21","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0913482","article-title":"IL-17E (IL-25) and IL-17RB promote respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary disease","volume":"95","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-14","article-title":"Early-life viral infection and allergen exposure interact to induce an asthmatic phenotype in mice","volume":"11","author":"Siegle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, J., Huang, L., Ji, X., Yao, S., Abdelaziz, M.H., Cai, W., Wang, H., Cheng, J., Dineshkumar, K., and Aparna, V. (2020). HMGB1-induced ILC2s activate dendritic cells by producing IL-9 in asthmatic mouse model. Cell. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104085"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2018-0059","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus prevents the subsequent development of ovalbumin-induced allergic responses by inhibiting ILC2 via the IL-33\/ST2 pathway","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/5\/521\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:26:50Z","timestamp":1760174810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/5\/521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v12050521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12050521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]}}}