{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T19:42:19Z","timestamp":1773171739382,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza, a zoonosis caused by various influenza A virus subtypes, affects a wide range of species, including humans. Pig cells express both sialyl-\u03b1-2,3-Gal and sialyl-\u03b1-2,6-Gal receptors, which make them susceptible to infection by avian and human viruses, respectively. To date, it is not known whether wild pigs in Mexico are affected by influenza virus subtypes, nor whether this would make them a potential risk of influenza transmission to humans. In this work, 61 hogs from two municipalities in Campeche, Mexico, were sampled. Hemagglutination inhibition assays were performed in 61 serum samples, and positive results were found for human H1N1 (11.47%), swine H1N1 (8.19%), and avian H5N2 (1.63%) virus variants. qRT-PCR assays were performed on the nasal swab, tracheal, and lung samples, and 19.67% of all hogs were positive to these assays. An avian H5N2 virus, first reported in 1994, was identified by sequencing. Our results demonstrate that wild pigs are participating in the exposure, transmission, maintenance, and possible diversification of influenza viruses in fragmented habitats, highlighting the synanthropic behavior of this species, which has been poorly studied in Mexico.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T10:01:18Z","timestamp":1589191278000},"page":"528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Eco-Epidemiological Evidence of the Transmission of Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses in Wild Pigs in Campeche, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda Aline","family":"Maya-Badillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n del Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad #3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etolog\u00eda, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, FMVZ, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7122-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Ojeda-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etolog\u00eda, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, FMVZ, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6237-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Reveles-F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n del Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad #3000, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9185-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Orta-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etolog\u00eda, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, FMVZ, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, FMVZ, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1168-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Saavedra-Monta\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, FMVZ, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Segura-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, FMVZ, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Sanvicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, Carretera federal Mexico-Puebla km. 125.5, (Boulevard Forjadores), Puebla C.P. 72760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8201-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Iv\u00e1n","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n del Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. 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