{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:52:37Z","timestamp":1775037157374,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant APP1107393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant APP1107393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postgraduate Scholarship 1169037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postgraduate Scholarship 1169037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Principal Research Fellowship 1137582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Principal Research Fellowship 1137582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01LM012080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM012080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared the phylogeography of MERS-CoV between hospital outbreak-associated cases and sporadic cases in Saudi Arabia. We collected complete genome sequences from human samples in Saudi Arabia and data on the multiple risk factors of human MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia reported from 2012 to 2018. By matching each sequence to human cases, we identified isolates as hospital outbreak-associated cases or sporadic cases. We used Bayesian phylogenetic methods including temporal, discrete trait analysis and phylogeography to uncover transmission routes of MERS-CoV isolates between hospital outbreaks and sporadic cases. Of the 120 sequences collected between 19 June 2012 and 23 January 2017, there were 64 isolates from hospital outbreak-associated cases and 56 from sporadic cases. Overall, MERS-CoV is fast evolving at 7.43 \u00d7 10\u22124 substitutions per site per year. Isolates from hospital outbreaks showed unusually fast evolutionary speed in a shorter time-frame than sporadic cases. Multiple introductions of different MERS-CoV strains occurred in three separate hospital outbreaks. MERS-CoV appears to be mutating in humans. The impact of mutations on viruses transmissibility in humans is unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1589452039000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Phylogeography of MERS-CoV in Hospital Outbreak-Associated Cases Compared to Sporadic Cases in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9905-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Research Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dillon Charles","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Research Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abrar Ahmad","family":"Chughtai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6037-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sacha","family":"Stelzer-Braid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5100-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Scotch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandini Raina","family":"MacIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Research Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"College of Public Service and Community Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-016-0430-6","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: A comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Shehata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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