{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:27:26Z","timestamp":1790695646282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya and yellow fever virus cause vector-borne viral diseases in humans. There is currently no specific antiviral drug for either of these diseases. Banana plants are used in traditional medicine for treating viral diseases such as measles and chickenpox. Therefore, we tested selected banana cultivars for their antiviral but also cytotoxic properties. Different parts such as leaf, pseudostem and corm, collected separately and extracted with four different solvents (hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water), were tested for in vitro antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and yellow fever virus (YFV). Extracts prepared with acetone and ethanol from leaf parts of several cultivars exhibited strong (EC50 around 10 \u03bcg\/mL) anti-CHIKV activity. Interestingly, none of the banana plant extracts (concentration 1\u2013100 \u00b5g\/mL) were active against EV71. Activity against YFV was restricted to two cultivars: Namwa Khom\u2013Pseudostem\u2013Ethanol (5.9 \u00b1 5.4), Namwa Khom\u2013Corm\u2013Ethanol (0.79 \u00b1 0.1) and Fougamou\u2013Corm\u2013Acetone (2.5 \u00b1 1.5). In most cases, the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was generally 5- to 10-fold lower than the antiviral activity, suggesting a reasonable therapeutic window.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T02:43:42Z","timestamp":1589769822000},"page":"549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activity of Different Plant Parts of Banana (Musa spp.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3123-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujogya Kumar","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Mayurbhanj Biological Research (MBR), Bhanjpur, Baripada 757002, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Hort\u00eancia Fons\u00eaca","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del-Rei, Av. Sebasti\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alves Coelho, 400\u2013Chanandour, Divin\u00f3polis MG 35501-296, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin Saleh","family":"Jouneghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Leyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0033-7514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Neyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5258-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rony","family":"Swennen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Bioversity International, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Luyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020, May 13). Banana Market Review Preliminary Results for 2018, Rome, Italy, 2018. Available online: www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/est\/COMM_MARKETS_MONITORING\/Bananas\/Documents\/Banana_Market_Review_Prelim_Results_2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcm191","article-title":"Domestication, Genomics and the Future for Banana","volume":"100","author":"Schwarzacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Swennen, R., and Rosales, F. (1994). Bananas. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1163\/156854106777998674","article-title":"Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in roots of banana (Musa acuminata AAA, cvs Grande Naine and Yangambi km5) before and after infection with Radopholus similis","volume":"8","author":"Wuyts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2019.100024","article-title":"Variability of carotenoids in a Musa germplasm collection and implications for provitamin A biofortification","volume":"2","author":"Amah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1495175","article-title":"Recent advances in banana (Musa spp.) biofortification to alleviate vitamin A deficiency","volume":"59","author":"Amah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.03.033","article-title":"Bioactive compounds in banana and their associated health benefits\u2014A review","volume":"206","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.008","article-title":"Banana (Musa spp.) from peel to pulp: Ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health","volume":"160","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2015.08.012","article-title":"Effect of boiling on phenolic profiles determined using HPLC\/ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, physico-chemical parameters of six plantain banana cultivars (Musa sp)","volume":"44","author":"Herent","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"123","article-title":"Anti-Diarrheal Activities of Medicinal Plants of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India","volume":"2","author":"Panda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"62","article-title":"Selective antifungal action of crude extracts of Cassia fistula L.: A preliminary study on Candida and Aspergillus species","volume":"6","author":"Panda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malays. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"100","article-title":"Anti-ulcer drugs from indigenous sources with emphasis on Musa sapientum, tamrabhasma, Asparagus racemosus and Zingiber officinale","volume":"34","author":"Goel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02716691","article-title":"Hypolipidemic principle of the inflorescence stalk of plantain (Musa sapientum)","volume":"14","author":"Gomathy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02702671","article-title":"Hypoglycemic action of the pectin present in the juice of the inflorescence stalk of plantain (Musa sapientum)\u2014Mechanism of action","volume":"15","author":"Gomathy","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"32","article-title":"Evaluation of wound healing activity of extracts of plantain banana (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) in rats","volume":"47","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8646","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.034926","article-title":"A lectin isolated from bananas is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication","volume":"285","author":"Swanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.056","article-title":"Engineering a Therapeutic Lectin by Uncoupling Mitogenicity from Antiviral Activity","volume":"163","author":"Swanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-009-1111-5","article-title":"Development and assessment of Diversity Arrays Technology for high-throughput DNA analyses in Musa","volume":"119","author":"Risterucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.004","article-title":"Ethno-medicinal uses and screening of plants for antibacterial activity from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India","volume":"151","author":"Panda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00658","article-title":"Antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and antiviral activity of plants traditionally used for treating infectious disease in the Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India","volume":"8","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.017","article-title":"Antiplasmodial, anti-chikungunya virus and antioxidant activities of 64 endemic plants from the Mascarene Islands","volume":"52","author":"Ledoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.09.062","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of imidazole-4,5-and pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxamides targeting dengue and yellow fever virus","volume":"87","author":"Saudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.06.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of select edible plants from Odisha, India against food-borne pathogens","volume":"113","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jouneghani, R.S., Castro, A.H.F., Panda, S.K., Swennen, R., and Luyten, W. (2020). Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Banana Cultivars Against Important Human Pathogens, Including Candida Biofilm. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040435"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2307\/2406046","article-title":"A Quantitative Approach to A Problem in Classification","volume":"11","author":"Michener","year":"1957","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-016-1273-9","article-title":"Molecular and cytological characterization of the global Musa germplasm collection provides insights into the treasure of banana diversity","volume":"26","author":"Sardos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"327","article-title":"Medicinal knowledge system of tribals of Nandurbar district, Maharashtra","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Tradit. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"33","article-title":"Ethno-medicinal plants in five forest ranges in Dang\u2019s district, South Gujarat, India","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"735","article-title":"Anti-variola and anti-vaccinia principles from seeds of Banakadali (Ensete superbum Cheesm, Musaceae)","volume":"56","author":"Dutta","year":"1968","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1005","article-title":"An Integrated Analysis of the Musa Paradisiaca Peel, Using UHPLC-ESI, FT-IR and Confocal Microscopy Techniques","volume":"1","author":"Corona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Chromatogr. Sep. Tech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00186-3","article-title":"Antioxidant compounds from bananas (Musa Cavendish)","volume":"79","author":"Someya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2016.03.006","article-title":"Antiviral-guided fractionation and isolation of phenolic compounds from Limonium densiflorum hydroalcoholic extract","volume":"19","author":"Medini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2019.1574176","article-title":"The antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of 15 natural phenolic compounds with previously demonstrated antifungal activity","volume":"54","author":"Petrescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part B Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Aquino, C.F., Salom\u00e3o, L.C.C., Ribeiro, S.M.R., De Siqueira, D.L., and Cecon, P.R. (2016). Carboidratos, compostos fen\u00f3licos e atividade antioxidante em polpas e cascas de 15 cultivares de bananeira. Rev. Bras. Frutic., 38."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.07.011","article-title":"Assessing medicinal plants traditionally used in the Chirang Reserve Forest, Northeast India for antimicrobial activity","volume":"225","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/5\/549\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:22Z","timestamp":1760174962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/5\/549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v12050549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12050549","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}}}