{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:34:59Z","timestamp":1785854099158,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WU 929\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WU 929\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HE 1168\/19-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE 1168\/19-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pigs play an important role in the interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses (IAV). The porcine airway epithelium contains binding sites for both swine\/human IAV (\u03b12,6-linked sialic acids) and avian IAV (\u03b12,3-linked sialic acids) and therefore is suited for adaptation of viruses from other species as suggested by the \u201cmixing vessel theory\u201d. Here, we applied well-differentiated swine airway epithelial cells to find out whether efficient infection by avian IAV requires prior adaption. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of the sialic acid-binding activity and the virus-induced detrimental effects. Surprisingly, an avian IAV H1N1 strain circulating in European poultry and waterfowl shows increased and prolonged viral replication without inducing a strong innate immune response. This virus could infect the lower respiratory tract in our precision cut-lung slice model. Pretreating the cells with poly (I:C) and\/or JAK\/STAT pathway inhibitors revealed that the interferon-stimulated innate immune response influences the replication of avian IAV in swine airway epitheliums but not that of swine IAV. Further studies indicated that in the infection by IAVs, the binding affinity of sialic acid is not the sole factor affecting the virus infectivity for swine or human airway epithelial cells, whereas it may be crucial in well-differentiated ferret tracheal epithelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the role of pigs being the vessel of interspecies transmission should be reconsidered, and the potential of avian H1N1 viruses to infect mammals needs to be characterized in more detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T10:02:45Z","timestamp":1590660165000},"page":"589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Avian Influenza A Virus Infects Swine Airway Epithelial Cells without Prior Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dai-Lun","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Yi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6908-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bevan","family":"Sawatsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines,\r\n63225 Langen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Emerging Infections,\r\n63225 Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"von Messling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines,\r\n63225 Langen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Emerging Infections,\r\n63225 Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Herrler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-Huei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,\r\n30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0904559","article-title":"Spread of a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus via global airline transportation","volume":"361","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.022","article-title":"(Highly pathogenic) avian influenza as a zoonotic agent","volume":"140","author":"Kalthoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01783-09","article-title":"Molecular determinants of adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 viruses to efficient replication in the human host","volume":"84","author":"Munster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304459","article-title":"Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"WHO (2015). WHO Risk Assessment of Human Infections with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, WHO."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock, T.H.P., James, J., Sealy, J.E., and Iqbal, M. (2019). A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201906.0085.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Belser, J.A., and Maines, T.R. (2020). Adaptation of H9N2 Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts: A Review of Molecular Markers. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050541"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2099","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2099","article-title":"Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses","volume":"30","author":"Yamaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.03.001","article-title":"One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus","volume":"1","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181472","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Gray Seals, Baltic Sea","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90150-2","article-title":"Receptor determinants of human and animal influenza virus isolates: Differences in receptor specificity of the H3 hemagglutinin based on species of origin","volume":"127","author":"Rogers","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(93)90056-S","article-title":"Influenza virus strains selectively recognize sialyloligosaccharides on human respiratory epithelium; the role of the host cell in selection of hemagglutinin receptor specificity","volume":"29","author":"Couceiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7367","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7367-7373.1998","article-title":"Molecular basis for the generation in pigs of influenza A viruses with pandemic potential","volume":"72","author":"Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"158","article-title":"The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: Human and veterinary implications","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068569-0","article-title":"Origin of the European avian-like swine influenza viruses","volume":"95","author":"Krumbholz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90194-0","article-title":"Genetic relatedness of hemagglutinins of the H1 subtype of influenza A viruses isolated from swine and birds","volume":"129","author":"Scholtissek","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08182","article-title":"Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic","volume":"459","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.4851","article-title":"Initial incursion of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus into European pigs","volume":"166","author":"Welsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-10","article-title":"The Airway Epithelium: Soldier in the Fight against Respiratory Viruses","volume":"24","author":"Vareille","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01271-08","article-title":"Differential Sensitivity of Differentiated Epithelial Cells to Respiratory Viruses Reveals Different Viral Strategies of Host Infection","volume":"83","author":"Goris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-20","article-title":"Three viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex apply different strategies to initiate infection","volume":"45","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00171-15","article-title":"Dynamic Virus-Bacterium Interactions in a Porcine Precision-Cut Lung Slice Coinfection Model: Swine Influenza Virus Paves the Way for Streptococcus suis Infection in a Two-Step Process","volume":"83","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punyadarsaniya, D., Liang, C.-H., Winter, C., Petersen, H., Rautenschlein, S., Hennig-Pauka, I., Schwegmann-Wessels, C., Wu, C.-Y., Wong, C.-H., and Herrler, G. (2011). Infection of Differentiated Porcine Airway Epithelial Cells by Influenza Virus: Differential Susceptibility to Infection by Porcine and Avian Viruses. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028429"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02125-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02125-16","article-title":"Mutations during the Adaptation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus to the Respiratory Epithelium of Pigs Enhance Sialic Acid Binding Activity and Virulence in Mice","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, J., and Straub, T. (2018). Advances and Remaining Challenges in the Study of Influenza and Anthrax Infection in Lung Cell Culture. Challenges, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/challe9010002"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03368-12","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Current Human Coronavirus Strains in Primary Human Epithelial Cell Cultures Reveal Differences in Target Cell Tropism","volume":"87","author":"Dijkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2144\/000112531","article-title":"Murine nasal septa for respiratory epithelial air-liquid interface cultures","volume":"43","author":"Antunes","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308001101","article-title":"Human and avian influenza viruses target different cell types in cultures of human airway epithelium","volume":"101","author":"Matrosovich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02885-12","article-title":"Tropism and infectivity of influenza virus, including highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus, in ferret tracheal differentiated primary epithelial cell cultures","volume":"87","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39668","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39668","article-title":"The differentiated airway epithelium infected by influenza viruses maintains the barrier function despite a dramatic loss of ciliated cells","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-135","article-title":"Generation of a human airway epithelium derived basal cell line with multipotent differentiation capacity","volume":"14","author":"Walters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.12.003","article-title":"Mx GTPases: Dynamin-like antiviral machines of innate immunity","volume":"23","author":"Haller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01305-15","article-title":"Protection from Severe Influenza Virus Infections in Mice Carrying the Mx1 Influenza Virus Resistance Gene Strongly Depends on Genetic Background","volume":"89","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Kruger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T.S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.H., and Nitsche, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell, 181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-110","article-title":"Replication characteristics of swine influenza viruses in precision-cut lung slices reflect the virulence properties of the viruses","volume":"44","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, H., Braubach, P., Schilpp, C., Lochbaum, R., Neuland, K., Thompson, K., Jonigk, D., Frick, M., Dietl, P., and Wittekindt, O.H. (2019). IL-13 Impairs Tight Junctions in Airway Epithelia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133222"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4096-4101.2000","article-title":"Detection of influenza A viruses from different species by PCR amplification of conserved sequences in the matrix gene","volume":"38","author":"Fouchier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00324.x","article-title":"Transmission of pandemic influenza H1N1 (2009) in Vietnamese swine in 2009\u20132010","volume":"6","author":"Trevennec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11045","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00655-10","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibits type I interferon signaling by blocking STAT1\/STAT2 nuclear translocation","volume":"84","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2015.0076","article-title":"Differential Biological Activities of Swine Interferon-alpha Subtypes","volume":"35","author":"Zanotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00097-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00097-18","article-title":"Identification of the RNA Pseudoknot within the 3\u2032 End of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Genome as a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern to Activate Antiviral Signaling via RIG-I and Toll-Like Receptor 3","volume":"92","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-181","article-title":"Gene expression profile suggests that pigs (Sus scrofa) are susceptible to Anaplasma phagocytophilum but control infection","volume":"5","author":"Galindo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170002","article-title":"Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses","volume":"146","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.8323","article-title":"Receptor specificity of influenza A viruses correlates with the agglutination of erythrocytes from different animal species","volume":"227","author":"Ito","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-5","article-title":"Species and age related differences in the type and distribution of influenza virus receptors in different tissues of chickens, ducks and turkeys","volume":"7","author":"Pillai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.009","article-title":"Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation","volume":"7","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelli, R.K., Kuchipudi, S.V., White, G.A., Perez, B.B., Dunham, S.P., and Chang, K.C. (2010). Comparative distribution of human and avian type sialic acid influenza receptors in the pig. BMC Vet. Res., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-4"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-38","article-title":"Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution","volume":"7","author":"Nicholls","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10831","article-title":"Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA\/H1N1 virus in ferrets","volume":"486","author":"Imai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213362","article-title":"Airborne transmission of influenza A\/H5N1 virus between ferrets","volume":"336","author":"Herfst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177238","article-title":"Transmission and pathogenesis of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses in ferrets and mice","volume":"325","author":"Maines","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713974114","article-title":"Molecular basis of mammalian transmissibility of avian H1N1 influenza viruses and their pandemic potential","volume":"114","author":"Zanin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2015.40","article-title":"Possible basis for the emergence of H1N1 viruses with pandemic potential from avian hosts","volume":"4","author":"Kocer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00201.x","article-title":"Analysis of influenza A viruses of subtype H1 from wild birds, turkeys and pigs in Germany reveals interspecies transmission events","volume":"5","author":"Starick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatesuer, B., Bertram, S., Mehnert, N., Bahgat, M.M., Nelson, P.S., Pohlmann, S., and Schughart, K. (2013). Tmprss2 is essential for influenza H1N1 virus pathogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003774"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01635-13","article-title":"Activation of influenza A viruses by host proteases from swine airway epithelium","volume":"88","author":"Peitsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02693-15","article-title":"The Proteolytic Activation of (H3N2) Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Is Facilitated by Different Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases","volume":"90","author":"Bergmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00997-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00997-18","article-title":"Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A Viruses Escape Human MxA Restriction through Distinct Mutations in Their Nucleoprotein","volume":"93","author":"Dornfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.12.002","article-title":"Host genetics of severe influenza: From mouse Mx1 to human IRF7","volume":"38","author":"Ciancanelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.024","article-title":"The interferon response circuit: Induction and suppression by pathogenic viruses","volume":"344","author":"Haller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser, M.J., Dlugolenski, D., Culhane, M.R., Wentworth, D.E., Tompkins, S.M., and Tripp, R.A. (2013). Antiviral Responses by Swine Primary Bronchoepithelial Cells Are Limited Compared to Human Bronchoepithelial Cells Following Influenza Virus Infection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070251"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/6\/589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:33:30Z","timestamp":1760175210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/6\/589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v12060589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12060589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]}}}