{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:48:30Z","timestamp":1791920910259,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York Blood Center","award":["Intramural"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is successful in maintaining undetectable levels of HIV in the blood; however, the persistence of latent HIV reservoirs has become the major barrier for a HIV cure. Substantial efforts are underway in finding the best latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to purge the latent viruses from the reservoirs. We hypothesize that identifying the right combination of LRAs will be the key to accomplishing that goal. In this study, we evaluated the effect of combinations of three protein kinase C activators (prostratin, (-)-indolactam V, and TPPB) with four histone deacetylase inhibitors (AR-42, PCI-24781, givinostat, and belinostat) on reversing HIV latency in different cell lines including in a primary CD4+ T-cell model. Combinations including indolactam and TPPB with AR-42 and PCI produced a strong synergistic effect in reactivating latent virus as indicated by higher p24 production and envelope gp120 expression. Furthermore, treatment with TPPB and indolactam greatly downregulated the cellular receptor CD4. Indolactam\/AR-42 combination emerged from this study as the best combination that showed a strong synergistic effect in reactivating latent virus. Although AR-42 alone did not downregulate CD4 expression, indolactam\/AR-42 showed the most efficient downregulation. Our results suggest that indolactam\/AR-42 is the most effective combination, showing a strong synergistic effect in reversing HIV latency combined with the most efficient CD4 downregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T04:36:09Z","timestamp":1591245369000},"page":"609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Identification of Combinations of Protein Kinase C Activators and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors that Potently Reactivate Latent HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Curreli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahad","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia M. Benedict","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2761-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim K.","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.01.013","article-title":"Towards an HIV-1 cure: Measuring the latent reservoir","volume":"23","author":"Bruner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-67","article-title":"HIV-1 transcription and latency: An update","volume":"10","author":"Bouchat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0004","article-title":"Curing HIV: Moving Forward Faster","volume":"32","author":"Flores","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. 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