{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:12:22Z","timestamp":1783483942956,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005189","name":"Estonian Research Competency Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOBTT39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOBTT39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As of June 2020, the number of people infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to skyrocket, with more than 6.7 million cases worldwide. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) has highlighted the need for better control of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, developing novel virus-specific vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 can be time-consuming and costly. Convalescent sera and safe-in-man broad-spectrum antivirals (BSAAs) are readily available treatment options. Here, we developed a neutralization assay using SARS-CoV-2 strain and Vero-E6 cells. We identified the most potent sera from recovered patients for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We also screened 136 safe-in-man broad-spectrum antivirals against the SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero-E6 cells and identified nelfinavir, salinomycin, amodiaquine, obatoclax, emetine and homoharringtonine. We found that a combination of orally available virus-directed nelfinavir and host-directed amodiaquine exhibited the highest synergy. Finally, we developed a website to disseminate the knowledge on available and emerging treatments of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1592191052000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Potential Antiviral Options against SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Ianevski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona H\u00f8ys\u00e6ter","family":"Fenstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Biza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Zusinaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuuli","family":"Reisberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genomics Core Facility, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Lysvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsti","family":"L\u00f8seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veslem\u00f8y Malm","family":"Landsem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne Fossum","family":"Malmring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentyn","family":"Oksenych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten Even","family":"Erlandsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Arne","family":"Aas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline H.","family":"Pettersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanel","family":"Tenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Egil","family":"Afset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svein Arne","family":"Nordb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnar","family":"Bj\u00f8r\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis E.","family":"Kainov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020, June 12). 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