{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:36:28Z","timestamp":1790019388015,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}]},{"name":"The National Research Agency","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}]},{"name":"European funding FEDER PRIMI","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}]},{"name":"Service de Coop\u00e9ration et d'Action Culturelle  of the French Embassy in the Republic of Congo","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}]},{"name":"Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 Publique of Brazzaville","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-human primates (NHPs) are known hosts for adenoviruses (AdVs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of AdVs. As with humans, AdV infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of AdVs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different African countries (Republic of Congo, Senegal, Djibouti and Algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in the Republic of Congo, in order to explore the potential zoonotic risks. Samples were screened by real-time and standard PCRs, followed by the sequencing of the partial DNA polymerase gene in order to identify the AdV species. The prevalence was 3.3 folds higher in NHPs than in humans. More than 1\/3 (35.8%) of the NHPs and 1\/10 (10.5%) of the humans excreted AdVs in their feces. The positive rate was high in great apes (46%), with a maximum of 54.2% in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and 35.9% in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), followed by monkeys (25.6%), with 27.5% in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and 23.1% in baboons (seven Papio papio and six Papio hamadryas). No green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) were found to be positive for AdVs. The AdVs detected in NHPs were members of Human mastadenovirus E (HAdV-E), HAdV-C or HAdV-B, and those in the humans belonged to HAdV-C or HAdV-D. HAdV-C members were detected in both gorillas and humans, with evidence of zoonotic transmission since phylogenetic analysis revealed that gorilla AdVs belonging to HAdV-C were genetically identical to strains detected in humans who had been living around gorillas, and, inversely, a HAdV-C member HAdV type was detected in gorillas. This confirms the gorilla-to-human transmission of adenovirus. which has been reported previously. In addition, HAdV-E members, the most often detected here, are widely distributed among NHP species regardless of their origin, i.e., HAdV-E members seem to lack host specificity. Virus isolation was successful from a human sample and the strain of the Mbo024 genome, of 35 kb, that was identified as belonging to HAdV-D, exhibited close identity to HAdV-D members for all genes. This study provides information on the AdVs that infect African NHPs and the human populations living nearby, with an evident zoonotic transmission. It is likely that AdVs crossed the species barrier between different NHP species (especially HAdV-E members), between NHPs and humans (especially HAdV-C), but also between humans, NHPs and other animal species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T11:00:56Z","timestamp":1592478056000},"page":"657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Adenovirus Infections in African Humans and Wild Non-Human Primates: Great Diversity and Cross-Species Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hac\u00e8ne","family":"Medkour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub 25100, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inestin","family":"Amona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Akiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Davoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idir","family":"Bitam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Superior School of Food Sciences and Food Industries, Algiers 16004, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Levasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Tall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Diatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"VITROME IRD 198, Campus IRD\/UCAD, Hann les Maristes, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Sokhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"VITROME IRD 198, Campus IRD\/UCAD, Hann les Maristes, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9539-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Hernandez-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d\u2019Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8677-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Barciela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slim","family":"Gorsane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction Interarm\u00e9es du Service de Sant\u00e9 des Arm\u00e9es des Forces Fran\u00e7aises Stationn\u00e9es \u00e0 Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8006-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"La Scola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-84-20714","article-title":"Isolation of a Cytopathogenic Agent from Human Adenoids Undergoing Spontaneous Degeneration in Tissue Culture","volume":"84","author":"Rowe","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc. 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