{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:00:34Z","timestamp":1785474034733,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(BB\/M011224\/1 BB\/R012679\/1, BB\/P016472\/1, BBS\/E\/I\/00007030, BBS\/E\/I\/00007031, BB\/S013792\/1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(BB\/M011224\/1 BB\/R012679\/1, BB\/P016472\/1, BBS\/E\/I\/00007030, BBS\/E\/I\/00007031, BB\/S013792\/1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000308","name":"British Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IL3261727271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IL3261727271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/S011269\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/S011269\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian influenza viruses of the subtype H6Nx are being detected globally with increasing frequency. Some H6Nx lineages are becoming enzootic in Asian poultry and sporadic incursions into European poultry are occurring more frequently. H6Nx viruses that contain mammalian adaptation motifs pose a zoonotic threat and have caused human cases. Although currently understudied globally, H6Nx avian influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to both poultry and human health. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge of H6Nx viruses including their global distribution, tropism, transmission routes and human health risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T06:11:02Z","timestamp":1592892662000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Evolution, Spread and Global Threat of H6Nx Avian Influenza Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1155-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Everest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ UK"},{"name":"Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Daines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"},{"name":"Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8466-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Sealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9673-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rowena","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5165-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munir","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wright, P.F., Neumann, G., and Kawaoka, Y. 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