{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:08:31Z","timestamp":1781946511130,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park","award":["Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station Competitive Grant (MAES)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station Competitive Grant (MAES)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral vectored vaccines are desirable alternatives for conventional infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. We have recently shown that a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) strain LaSota expressing the spike (S) protein of IBV strain Mass-41 (rLaSota\/IBV-S) was a promising vaccine candidate for IBV. Here we evaluated a novel chimeric rNDV\/avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (rNDV\/APMV-2) as a vaccine vector against IBV. The rNDV\/APMV-2 vector was chosen because it is much safer than the rNDV strain LaSota vector, particularly for young chicks and chicken embryos. In order to determine the effectiveness of this vector, a recombinant rNDV\/APMV-2 expressing the S protein of IBV strain Mass-41 (rNDV\/APMV-2\/IBV-S) was constructed. The protective efficacy of this vector vaccine was compared to that of the rNDV vector vaccine. In one study, groups of one-day-old specific-pathogenic-free (SPF) chickens were immunized with rLaSota\/IBV-S and rNDV\/APMV-2\/IBV-S and challenged four weeks later with the homologous highly virulent IBV strain Mass-41. In another study, groups of broiler chickens were single (at day one or three weeks of age) or prime-boost (prime at day one and boost at three weeks of age) immunized with rLaSota\/IBV-S and\/or rNDV-APMV-2\/IBV-S. At weeks six of age, chickens were challenged with a highly virulent IBV strain Mass-41. Our challenge study showed that novel rNDV\/APMV-2\/IBV-S provided similar protection as rLaSota\/IBV-S in SPF chickens. However, compared to prime-boost immunization of chickens with chimeric rNDV\/APMV-2, rLaSota\/IBV-S and\/or a live IBV vaccine, single immunization of chickens with rLaSota\/IBV-S, or live IBV vaccine provided better protection against IBV. In conclusion, we have developed the novel rNDV\/APMV-2 vector expressing S protein of IBV that can be a safer vaccine against IB in chickens. Our results also suggest a single immunization with a LaSota vectored IBV vaccine candidate provides better protection than prime-boost immunization regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T05:28:56Z","timestamp":1593408536000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative Protective Efficacies of Novel Avian Paramyxovirus-Vectored Vaccines against Virulent Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Edris","family":"Shirvani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siba K.","family":"Samal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, May 25). OIE Terrestrial Manual; Chapter 2.3.3. Avian Infectious Bronchitis. Version adopted by the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE in May 2013. In OIE terrestrial manual 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.03.02_AIB.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Saif, Y.M. (2008). Infectious bronchitis. Diseases of Poultry, Blackwell Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. (2013). Coronaviruses. Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006055","article-title":"Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"38","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(99)00072-5","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are critical in the control of infectious bronchitis virus in poultry","volume":"24","author":"Collisson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2002)046[0938:POCALA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Protection of chickens after live and inactivated virus vaccination against challenge with nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus PA\/Wolgemuth\/98","volume":"46","author":"Ladman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-07","article-title":"Current status of veterinary vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Meeusen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424860","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/424860","article-title":"Progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis","volume":"2015","author":"Bande","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.006","article-title":"Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis attenuated live vaccines undergo selection of subpopulations and mutations following vaccination","volume":"26","author":"McKinley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217134","article-title":"Attenuated vaccines can recombine to form virulent field viruses","volume":"337","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.2307\/1592412","article-title":"Embryo vaccination of chickens with infectious bronchitis virus: Histologic and ultrastructural lesion response and immunologic response to vaccination","volume":"39","author":"Wakenell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.06.040","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus used for chicken embryo vaccination","volume":"24","author":"Tarpey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.974504","article-title":"Factors influencing the outcome of infectious bronchitis vaccination and challenge experiments","volume":"43","author":"Wit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.12.102","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant fowl pox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene and chicken interferon-\u03b3 gene for immune protection against heterologous strains","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00227-5","article-title":"Recombinant fowl adenovirus expressing the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus protects against challenge with infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1637\/10641-081613-Reg.1","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus S2 expressed from recombinant virus confers broad protection against challenge","volume":"58","author":"Toro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.045","article-title":"Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing the infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene protects chickens against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus challenge","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.09.106","article-title":"Construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant fowl pox vaccine co-expressing S1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus and chicken IL-18","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"8","article-title":"A Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing S Protein of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Protects Chickens against IBV and NDV","volume":"10","author":"Shirvani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020, May 25). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) 2019. Available online: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/taxonomy."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samal, S.K. (2019). Newcastle Disease Virus. Avian Virology-Current Research and Future Trends, Norfolk Caister Academic Press.","DOI":"10.21775\/9781912530106.02"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, May 25). OIE Terrestrial Manual; Chapter 3.3.14. Newcastle Disease. Version adopted by the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE in May 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.03.14_NEWCASTLE_DIS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18.5.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.44","article-title":"Reverse Genetics for Newcastle Disease Virus as a Vaccine Vector","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59124-x","article-title":"A recombinant avian paramyxovirus type-3 (APMV-3) expressing HA protein of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) protects chickens against HPAIV","volume":"10","author":"Shirvani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00693","article-title":"Avian Paramyxovirus Type-3 as a Vaccine Vector: Identification of a Genome Location for High Level Expression of a Foreign Gene","volume":"8","author":"Yoshida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1637\/11512-100616-RegR1","article-title":"Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 2, 6, and 10 as Vaccine Vectors for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Chickens with Antibodies Against Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"61","author":"Tsunekuni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Xiao, S., Shive, H., Collins, P.L., and Samal, S.K. (2012). Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1\u20139 in Chickens and Ducks. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034927"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1637\/9380-041910-Reg.1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of two strains of Avian Paramyxovirus serotype 2, Yucaipa and Bangor, in chickens and turkeys","volume":"54","author":"Subbiaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.090","article-title":"Avian paramyxovirus serotypes 2-9 (APMV -2-9) vary in the ability to induce protective immunity in chickens against challenge with virulent Newcastle disease virus (APMV-1)","volume":"30","author":"Nayak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.01.006","article-title":"A novel chimeric Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus","volume":"503","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8582","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00652-11","article-title":"Roles of the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins in replication, tropism, and pathogenicity of avian paramyxoviruses","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1637\/8390-070308-RESNOTE.1","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to different avian paramyxoviruses in commercial poultry in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Warke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000350","article-title":"A Y527A mutation in the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strain LaSota leads to a hyperfusogenic virus with increased replication and immunogenicity","volume":"97","author":"Manoharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1729","article-title":"High-level expression of a foreign gene from the most 3\u2032-proximal locus of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000231198","article-title":"Immunoglobulin production in chicken Harderian glands","volume":"47","author":"Albini","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2307\/1592410","article-title":"B cells and T-lymphocyte subsets of the head-associated lymphoid tissues of the chicken","volume":"39","author":"Maslak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"205","article-title":"Development of the Harderian gland in the chicken: Light and electron microscopic investigations","volume":"1","author":"Niedorf","year":"1978","journal-title":"Investig. Cell Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.03.008","article-title":"Early host responses to avian influenza A virus are prolonged and enhanced at transcriptional level depending on maturation of the immune system","volume":"47","author":"Reemers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0621317","article-title":"Graft versus host response as influenced by the origin of the cell, age of chicken, and cellular interactions","volume":"62","author":"Watabe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(97)00024-4","article-title":"Agedependent phagocytosis and bactericidal activities of the chicken heterophil","volume":"22","author":"Wells","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1637\/12009-120518-Reg.1","article-title":"Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination at Day 1 of Age Further Limits Cross Protection","volume":"63","author":"Zegpi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1637\/8349-050908-Reg.1","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus in the chicken Harderian gland and lachrymal fluid: Viral load, infectivity, immune cell responses, and effects of viral immunodeficiency","volume":"52","author":"Gulley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(88)90039-1","article-title":"Amino acids within hypervariable region 1 of avian coronavirus IBV (Massachusetts serotype) spike glycoprotein are associated with neutralization epitopes","volume":"11","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703584104","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus, a host range-restricted virus, as a vaccine for intranasal immunization against emerging pathogens","volume":"104","author":"DiNapoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.1.53","article-title":"Limited Protection Conferred by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Infectious Bronchitis Spike Protein","volume":"64","author":"Zegpi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.49","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in feline alveolar macrophages and human monocyte cell line U937 by serum of cats experimentally or naturally infected with feline coronavirus","volume":"60","author":"Hohdatsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.07.090","article-title":"Antibody-dependent SARS coronavirus infection is mediated by antibodies against spike proteins","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/7\/697\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:44:10Z","timestamp":1760175850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/7\/697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v12070697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12070697","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]}}}