{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:55:13Z","timestamp":1779184513273,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA042524, R01DA050169 and R56DE026930 to MM, and OD011104 formerly RR00164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA042524, R01DA050169 and R56DE026930 to MM, and OD011104 formerly RR00164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV\/SIV-associated oral mucosal disease\/dysfunction (HAOMD) (gingivitis\/periodontitis\/salivary adenitis) represents a major comorbidity affecting HIV patients on anti-retroviral therapy. Using a systems biology approach, we investigated molecular changes (mRNA\/microRNA) underlying HAOMD and its modulation by phytocannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u22069-THC)) in uninfected (n = 5) and SIV-infected rhesus macaques untreated (VEH-untreated\/SIV; n = 7) or treated with vehicle (VEH\/SIV; n = 3) or \u22069-THC (THC\/SIV; n = 3). Relative to controls, fewer mRNAs were upregulated in THC\/SIV compared to VEH-untreated\/SIV macaques. Gene enrichment analysis showed differential enrichment of biological functions involved in anti-viral defense, Type-I interferon, Toll-like receptor, RIG-1 and IL1R signaling in VEH-untreated\/SIV macaques. We focused on the anti-ER-stress anterior gradient-2 (AGR2), epithelial barrier protecting and anti-dysbiotic WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain-2 (WFDC2) and glucocorticoid-induced anti-inflammatory TSC22D3 (TSC22-domain family member-3) that were significantly downregulated in oropharyngeal mucosa (OPM) of VEH-untreated\/SIV macaques. All three proteins localized to minor salivary gland acini and secretory ducts and showed enhanced and reduced expression in OPM of THC\/SIV and VEH\/SIV macaques, respectively. Additionally, inflammation associated miR-21, miR-142-3p and miR-29b showed significantly higher expression in OPM of VEH-untreated\/SIV macaques. TSC22D3 was validated as a target of miR-29b. These preliminary translational findings suggest that phytocannabinoids may safely and effectively reduce oral inflammatory responses in HIV\/SIV and other (autoimmune) diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T02:44:25Z","timestamp":1593657865000},"page":"713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Long Term Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Administration Inhibits Proinflammatory Responses in Minor Salivary Glands of Chronically Simian Immunodeficieny Virus Infected Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xavier","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Sestak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PreCliniTria, LLC., Mandeville, LA 70471, USA"},{"name":"Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6889-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddappa N.","family":"Byrareddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4360-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600305","article-title":"Oral mucosal immunity and HIV\/SIV infection","volume":"86","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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