{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:04:53Z","timestamp":1785870293280,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008394","name":"Natur og Univers, Det Frie Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFF - 7014\u201300080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF - 7014\u201300080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008394","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Danish Directorate for Food, Fisheries and Agri Business","award":["09\u201307 2829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\u201307 2829"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) is a conserved protein in filamentous vibriophages and has been reported as a putative toxin in Vibrio cholerae. Recently, widespread distribution of zot-encoding prophages was found among marine Vibrio species, including environmental isolates. However, little is known about the dynamics of these prophages beyond V. cholerae. In this study, we characterized and quantified the zot-encoding filamentous phage VAI\u03d5, spontaneously induced from the fish pathogen V. anguillarum. VAI\u03d5 contained 6117 bp encoding 11 ORFs, including ORF8pVAI, exhibiting 27%\u201373% amino acid identity to Inovirus Zot-like proteins. A qPCR method revealed an average of four VAI\u03d5 genomes per host genome during host exponential growth phase, and PCR demonstrated dissemination of induced VAI\u03d5 to other V. anguillarum strains through re-integration in non-lysogens. VAI\u03d5 integrated into both chromosomes of V. anguillarum by recombination, causing changes in a putative ORF in the phage genome. Phylogenetic analysis of the V. anguillarum Inoviridae elements revealed mosaic genome structures related to mainly V. cholerae. Altogether, this study contributes to the understanding of Inovirus infection dynamics and mobilization of zot-like genes beyond human pathogenic vibrios, and discusses their potential role in the evolution of the fish pathogen V. anguillarum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T11:07:42Z","timestamp":1594033662000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Beyond Cholera: Characterization of zot-Encoding Filamentous Phages in the Marine Fish Pathogen Vibrio anguillarum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jesper Juel","family":"Mauritzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsing\u00f8r, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1612-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsing\u00f8r, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demeng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 5, 2200 K\u00f8benhavn N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7322-2681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sine Lo","family":"Svenningsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 5, 2200 K\u00f8benhavn N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9587-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Middelboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsing\u00f8r, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Filamentous Bacteriophage: Biology, Phage Display and Nanotechnology Applications","volume":"13","author":"Rakonjac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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