{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1778965083866,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007861","name":"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00129091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00129091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["Hatch Project 1015632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch Project 1015632"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of commensal bacteria enhances both acute and persistent infection of murine noroviruses. For several enteric viral pathogens, mechanisms by which these bacteria enhance infection involve direct interactions between the virus and bacteria. While it has been demonstrated that human noroviruses bind to a variety of commensal bacteria, it is not known if this is also true for murine noroviruses. The goal of this study was to characterize interactions between murine noroviruses and commensal bacteria and determine the impact of bacterial growth conditions, incubation temperature and time, on murine norovirus attachment to microbes that comprise the mammalian microbiome. We show that murine noroviruses bind directly to commensal bacteria and show similar patterns of attachment as human norovirus VLPs examined under the same conditions. Furthermore, while binding levels are not impacted by the growth phase of the bacteria, they do change with time and incubation temperature. We also found that murine norovirus can bind to a commensal fungal species, Candida albicans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T11:03:23Z","timestamp":1594724603000},"page":"759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Attach Me If You Can: Murine Norovirus Binds to Commensal Bacteria and Fungi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jasmine L.","family":"Madrigal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sutonuka","family":"Bhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Engelken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-5158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemat O.","family":"Keyhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2016.1178069","article-title":"New insights into the global burden of noroviruses and opportunities for prevention","volume":"15","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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