{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:02:19Z","timestamp":1760238139068,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Inc.","award":["Non applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Non applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficacy of the combined administration of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) modified live virus (MLV) vaccine and a porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) subunit vaccine in gilts was addressed in two experiments. Experiment A aimed to establish a 4-week onset of immunity (OOI). Gilts were randomly distributed in three treatment groups: non-vaccinated control animals (group 1), animals vaccinated with the combined vaccine (group 2), and a third group that consisted of animals vaccinated with the PRRS MLV vaccine alone (group 3). Four weeks after the first vaccination, gilts were challenged with a heterologous PRRS virus 1 (PRRSV1) and euthanized three weeks after. Besides this, experiment B pursued a 17-week duration of immunity (DOI). In this case, gilts were distributed in the same treatment groups, but for the third group, which consisted of non-vaccinated, non-challenged animals were used instead. For the DOI assessment, gilts were artificially inseminated 4 weeks after the first vaccination, challenged at day 90 of gestation, and followed up, together with their offspring, until day 20 post-farrowing. Serology and viremia post-challenge were determined in gilts from both experiments, while farrowing and piglet performance were only evaluated in experiment B. Overall, the combined vaccine helped to protect gilts from viremia post-challenge and, consequently, to prevent PRRS clinical symptoms and diminish the proportion of piglets infected congenitally or early in life. The combined vaccine also elicited a significant improvement in piglet survival rate and growth performance until weaning. The present results reveal efficacy and lack of interference of the mixed use of the tested vaccines against PRRSV1 infection, with at least 4-week OOI and 17-week DOI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T10:14:06Z","timestamp":1595499246000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gilt Vaccination with a Mixed Administration of a PRRS MLV and a PPV1 Subunit Vaccine Protects against Heterologous PRRSV1 Infection and Prevents Detrimental Effects on Piglet Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Garcia-Morante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centcinc Coworking, C, Montserrat de Casanovas 105, 08032 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., 2621 North Belt Highway, St. Joseph, MO 64506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH &amp; Co. KG, Bemeroder Stra\u03b2e 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Bridger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Noguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH &amp; Co. KG, Bemeroder Stra\u03b2e 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/754","article-title":"Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers","volume":"21","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Swine Heal. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.385","article-title":"Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome on swine production in the United States","volume":"227","author":"Neumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100101","article-title":"Economic analysis of outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in nine sow herds","volume":"170","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0391-4","article-title":"Review on the transmission porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between pigs and farms and impact on vaccination","volume":"47","author":"Pileri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00135-4","article-title":"The effect of porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on porcine reproductive performance","volume":"60","author":"Mengeling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716656024","article-title":"Infectious agents identified in aborted swine fetuses in a high-density breeding area: A three-year study","volume":"28","author":"Salogni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros, I., Olasz, F., Cs\u00e1gola, A., Tijssen, P., and Z\u00e1dori, Z. (2017). Biology of porcine parvovirus (Ungulate parvovirus 1). Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120393"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00395-3","article-title":"Effect of vaccination on the potentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced pneumonia by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae","volume":"18","author":"Thacker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety and long-lasting immunity of the combined administration of a modified-live virus vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 and an inactivated vaccine against porcine parvovirus and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in breeding pigs","volume":"5","author":"Camprodon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Porc. Heal. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-019-0138-5","article-title":"Field evaluation of the safety and compatibility of a combined vaccine against porcine parvovirus 1 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in breeding animals","volume":"5","author":"Noguera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Porc. Heal. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-018-0096-3","article-title":"Initial vaccination and revaccination with Type I PRRS 94881 MLV reduces viral load and infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"4","author":"Kroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Porc. Heal. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.05.042","article-title":"Assessment of safety and reproductive performance after vaccination with a modified live-virus PRRS genotype 1 vaccine in pregnant sows at various stages of gestation","volume":"34","author":"Stadler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"269","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a novel European vaccine for porcine reproductive and respiratory virus in bred gilts","volume":"80","author":"Piontkowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02593","article-title":"A novel subunit vaccine based on the viral protein 2 of porcine parvovirus: Safety profile in bred pigs at different stages of the reproduction cycle and in offspring","volume":"5","author":"Noguera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"124","article-title":"Safety and early onset of immunity with a novel European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in young piglets","volume":"80","author":"Piontkowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.01.018","article-title":"The use of endogenous and exogenous reference RNAs for qualitative and quantitative detection of PRRSV in porcine semen","volume":"126","author":"Wallner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.03.028","article-title":"Efficacy of a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine in pigs naturally exposed to a heterologous European (Italian cluster) field strain: Clinical protection and cell-mediated immunity","volume":"27","author":"Martelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.03.031","article-title":"Impact of a modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine intervention on a population of pigs infected with a heterologous isolate","volume":"25","author":"Cano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.075","article-title":"Effect of modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) vaccine on the shedding of wild-type virus from an infected population of growing pigs","volume":"30","author":"Linhares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.07.017","article-title":"Certainties, doubts and hypotheses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus immunobiology","volume":"154","author":"Darwich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-016-0037-y","article-title":"Vaccination of piglets at 2 and 3 weeks of age with Ingelvac PRRSFLEX\u00ae EU provides protection against heterologous field challenge in the face of homologous maternally derived antibodies","volume":"2","author":"Balka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Porc. Heal. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.022","article-title":"Challenges for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccinology","volume":"27","author":"Kimman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.007","article-title":"Sow performance in an endemically porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-infected farm after sow vaccination with an attenuated PRRS vaccine","volume":"111","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v1.i1.23","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety aspects","volume":"1","author":"Charerntantanakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0606-5","article-title":"Reproductive performance of sows with and without PRRS modified live virus vaccination in PRRS-virus-seropositive herds","volume":"46","author":"Olanratmanee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.14.475","article-title":"Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of a live vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in sows on infected farms","volume":"158","author":"Pejsak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.07.796","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of vaccination of pregnant gilts against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Mengeling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.043","article-title":"Reproductive performance of gilts following vaccination and subsequent heterologous challenge with European strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"66","author":"Scortti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.09.001","article-title":"The interaction between PRRSV and the late gestation pig fetus","volume":"154","author":"Rowland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/8\/789\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:00Z","timestamp":1760176260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/8\/789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v12080789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12080789","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]}}}