{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:13:09Z","timestamp":1787764389688,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AFRI 2019-67011-29539\/1019321, 2016-38420-25289, #2008-35204-04652 and W3112 Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants HATCH project #1011648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFRI 2019-67011-29539\/1019321, 2016-38420-25289, #2008-35204-04652 and W3112 Reproduction in Domestic Ruminants HATCH project #1011648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) fetal infections occur in two forms; persistent infection (PI) or transient infection (TI), depending on what stage of gestation the fetus is infected. Examination of lymphoid organs from both PI and TI fetuses reveals drastically different fetal responses, dependent upon the developmental stage of the fetal immune system. Total RNA was extracted from the thymuses and spleens of uninfected control, PI, and TI fetuses collected on day 190 of gestation to test the hypothesis that BVDV infection impairs the innate and adaptive immune response in the fetal thymus and spleen of both infection types. Transcripts of genes representing the innate immune response and adaptive immune response genes were assayed by Reverse Transcription quatitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (2\u2212\u0394\u0394Cq; fold change). Genes of the innate immune response, interferon (IFN) inducible genes, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and activation of B cells were downregulated in day 190 fetal PI thymuses compared to controls. In contrast, innate immune response genes were upregulated in TI fetal thymuses compared to controls and tended to be upregulated in TI fetal spleens. Genes associated with the innate immune system were not different in PI fetal spleens; however, adaptive immune system genes were downregulated, indicating that PI fetal BVDV infection has profound inhibitory effects on the expression of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The downregulation of these genes in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the developing thymus and spleen may explain the incomplete clearance of BVDV and the persistence of the virus in PI animals while the upregulation of the TI innate immune response indicates a more mature immune system, able to clear the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katie J.","family":"Knapek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanah M.","family":"Georges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Van Campen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette V.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle","family":"Bielefeldt-Ohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia P.","family":"Smirnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005102","article-title":"BVD control in Europe: Current status and perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Moennig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. 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