{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:35:43Z","timestamp":1780374943612,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq grant number 305.062\/2015-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq grant number 305.062\/2015-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) belongs to the species Pestivirus K of the genus Pestivirus and the family Flaviviridae, and it has been associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets. Although APPV was discovered in 2015, evidence shows that APPV has circulated in pig herds for many years, at least since 1986. Due to the frequently reported outbreaks of CT on different continents, the importance of this virus for global pig production is notable. Since 2015, several studies have been conducted to clarify the association between APPV and CT. However, some findings regarding APPV infection and the measures taken to control and prevent the spread of this virus need to be contextualized to understand the infection better. This review attempts to highlight advances in the understanding of APPV associated with type A-II CT, such as etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control and prevention measures, and also describes the pathophysiology of the infection and its consequences for pig production. Further research still needs to be conducted to elucidate the host\u2019s immune response to APPV infection, the control and prevention of this infection, and the possible development of vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T09:22:31Z","timestamp":1597828951000},"page":"903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alais M.","family":"Dall Agnol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Road-Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Londrina, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice F.","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Road-Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Londrina, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7024-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amauri A.","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Road-Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Londrina, PO Box 10011, CEP 86057-970 Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000251","article-title":"Discovery of a novel putative atypical porcine pestivirus in pigs in the USA","volume":"96","author":"Hause","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, B.L., Arruda, P.H., Magstadt, D.R., Schwartz, K.J., Dohlman, T., Schleining, J.A., Patterson, A.R., Visek, C.A., and Victoria, J.G. (2016). Identification of a divergent lineage porcine pestivirus in nursing piglets with congenital tremors and reproduction of disease following experimental inoculation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150104"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00035","article-title":"Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) as a new species of pestivirus in pig production","volume":"6","author":"Gatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2018","article-title":"An emerging novel virus: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV)","volume":"29","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1258\/002367768781082861","article-title":"Congenital nervous diseases of pigs: A review","volume":"2","author":"Done","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stenberg, H., Jacobson, M., and Malmberg, M. (2020). A review of congenital tremor type A-II in piglets. Anim. Health Res. Rev., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625232000002X"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.491221x","article-title":"Influence of intrauterine events on postnatal survival in the pig","volume":"49","author":"Leman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1083","article-title":"The relationship of maternal swine fever infection to cerebellar hypoplasia in piglets","volume":"59","author":"Done","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1989.tb00790.x","article-title":"Type A2 congenital tremor in piglets","volume":"36","author":"Vandekerckhove","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Groof, A., Deijs, M., Guelen, L., van Grinsven, L., van Os-Galdos, L., Vogels, W., Derks, C., Cruijsen, T., Geurts, V., and Vrijenhoek, M. (2016). Atypical Porcine Pestivirus: A possible cause of congenital tremor type A-II in newborn piglets. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8100271"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300111","article-title":"Tissue distribution and genetic typing of porcine circoviruses in pigs with naturally occurring congenital tremors","volume":"13","author":"Stevenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0082-y","article-title":"Astrovirus as a possible cause of congenital tremor type AII in piglets?","volume":"56","author":"Ley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12702","article-title":"Detection and genome sequencing of porcine circovirus 3 in neonatal pigs with congenital tremors in South China","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2307.170163","article-title":"Novel pestivirus species in pigs, Austria, 2015","volume":"23","author":"Lamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e501","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12772","article-title":"Evidence of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 in piglets with an unusual congenital tremor","volume":"65","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12807","article-title":"Viruses associated with congenital tremor and high lethality in piglets","volume":"65","author":"Possatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33677-4","article-title":"Ultrastructural observations on the spinal cord of a Landrace pig with congenital tremor type AIII","volume":"17","author":"Blakemore","year":"1974","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1973.tb04259.x","article-title":"Neurochemistry of the spinal cord in British Saddleback piglets affected with congenital tremor, type A-IV, a second form of hereditary cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Patterson","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1972.tb03816.x","article-title":"Lipid deficiency in the central nervous system of Landrace piglets affected with congenital tremor A3. A form of cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Patterson","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"534","article-title":"Congenital tremor in pigs in Sweden. A case report","volume":"30","author":"Kronevi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nord. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"538","article-title":"Congenital ataxia and tremor with cerebellar hypoplasia in piglets borne by sows treated with Neguvon vet. (metrifonate, trichlorfon) during pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Knox","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nord. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000873","article-title":"Proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1001","article-title":"Evidence for the presence of two novel pestivirus species","volume":"286","author":"Orlich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11412","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01994-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of a novel pestivirus from sheep","volume":"86","author":"Becher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01933-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01933-14","article-title":"Detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal Rattus norvegicus in New York City","volume":"5","author":"Firth","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.05.002","article-title":"Identification of a novel virus in pigs\u2014Bungowannah virus: A possible new species of pestivirus","volume":"129","author":"Kirkland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.006","article-title":"Virus recovery and full-length sequence analysis of atypical bovine pestivirus Th\/04_KhonKaen","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neill, J.D., Ridpath, J.F., Fischer, N., Grundhoff, A., Postel, A., and Becher, P. (2014). Complete genome sequence of pronghorn virus, a pestivirus. Genome Announc., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00575-14"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.09.010","article-title":"Characterization of a novel pestivirus originating from a pronghorn antelope","volume":"108","author":"Vilcek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01394-12","article-title":"Virome analysis for identification of novel mammalian viruses in bat species from Chinese provinces","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sozzi, E., Lavazza, A., Gaffuri, A., Bencetti, F.C., Prosperi, A., Lelli, D., Chiapponi, C., and Moreno, A. (2019). Isolation and full-length sequence analysis of a pestivirus from aborted lamb fetuses in Italy. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080744"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.4.796","article-title":"Molecular identification of a new pestivirus associated with increased mortality in the Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in Spain","volume":"40","author":"Hurtado","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90672-1","article-title":"Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"165","author":"Colett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1451","article-title":"The genomic sequence of a virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from the type 2 genotype: Detection of a large genomic insertion in a noncytopathic BVDV","volume":"212","author":"Ridpath","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01702592","article-title":"Baculovirus expression and affinity purification of protein E2 of classical swine fever virus strain Alfort\/187","volume":"10","author":"Ruggli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1065","article-title":"Molecular characterization of border disease virus, a pestivirus from sheep","volume":"198","author":"Becher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2020, May 26). Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release. Available online: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/taxonomy\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.197975","article-title":"Development of the reverse genetics system for emerging atypical porcine pestivirus using in vitro and intracellular transcription systems","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2017.07.003","article-title":"New leaves in the growing tree of Pestiviruses","volume":"99","author":"Blome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12699","article-title":"First report of the novel atypical porcine pestivirus in Spain and a retrospective study","volume":"64","author":"Canturri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.3.468","article-title":"Identification and characterization of atypical porcine pestivirus genomes in newborn piglets with congenital tremor in China","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sozzi, E., Salogni, C., Lelli, D., Barbieri, I., Moreno, A., Alborali, G.L., and Lavazza, A. (2019). Molecular survey and phylogenetic analysis of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) identified in swine and wild boar from Northern Italy. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121142"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.04.010","article-title":"12 novel atypical porcine pestivirus genomes from neonatal piglets with congenital tremors: A newly emerging branch and high prevalence in China","volume":"533","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2012.80.83","article-title":"The splay leg syndrome in piglets: A review","volume":"7","author":"Papatsiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04345-3","article-title":"Viral load and histological distribution of atypical porcine pestivirus in different tissues of naturally infected piglets","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00862","article-title":"Atypical Porcine Pestivirus as a novel type of pestivirus in pigs in China","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12753","article-title":"Presence of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) in Brazilian pigs","volume":"65","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.10.026","article-title":"Pathologic and molecular findings associated with atypical porcine pestivirus infection in newborn piglets","volume":"227","author":"Possatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0406-1","article-title":"Congenital infection with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is associated with disease and viral persistence","volume":"48","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz267","article-title":"Detection of atypical porcine pestivirus genome in newborn piglets affected by congenital tremor and high preweaning mortality","volume":"97","author":"Sutton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"429","article-title":"First report of atypical porcine pestivirus in piglets with congenital tremor in Canada","volume":"59","author":"Dessureault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27735","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27735","article-title":"Presence of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) genomes in newborn piglets correlates with congenital tremor","volume":"6","author":"Postel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12759","article-title":"Detection of atypical porcine pestivirus in semen from commercial boar studs in the United States","volume":"65","author":"Gatto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagatay, G.N., Meyer, D., Wendt, M., Becher, P., and Postel, A. (2019). Characterization of the humoral immune response induced after infection with Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV). Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100880"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13154","article-title":"Semi-quantitative duplex RT-PCR reveals the low occurrence of Porcine Pegivirus and Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in diagnostic samples from the United States","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12532","article-title":"High prevalence of highly variable atypical porcine pestiviruses found in Germany","volume":"64","author":"Beer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12854","article-title":"Frequent infection of wild boar with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV)","volume":"65","author":"Cagatay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelitsch, A., Dalmann, A., Wernike, K., Reimann, I., and Beer, M. (2019). Seroprevalences of newly discovered porcine pestiviruses in German pig farms. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6040086"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfankuche, V.M., Hahn, K., Bodewes, R., Hansmann, F., Habierski, A., Haverkamp, A.K., Pfaender, S., Walter, S., Baechlein, C., and Postel, A. (2018). Comparison of different In Situ Hybridization techniques for the detection of various RNA and DNA viruses. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10070384"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.170951","article-title":"High abundance and genetic variability of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in pigs from Europe and Asia","volume":"23","author":"Postel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomstr\u00f6m, A.L., Fossum, C., Wallgren, P., and Berg, M. (2016). Viral metagenomic analysis displays the co-infection situation in healthy and PMWS affected pigs. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166863"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j121","article-title":"Congenital tremor associated with atypical porcine pestivirus","volume":"180","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12659","article-title":"Identification of atypical porcine pestivirus infection in swine herds in China","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104259","article-title":"Genetic characterization and recombination analysis of atypical porcine pestivirus","volume":"81","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13029","article-title":"Molecular characterization of two novel atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) strains from piglets with congenital tremor in China","volume":"66","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Xie, Y., He, D., and Yan, H. (2020). Near-complete genome sequence of a newly emerging subgenotype of Atypical porcine pestivirus. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00115-20"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02562","article-title":"Discovery of diverse rodent and bat pestiviruses with distinct genomic and phylogenetic characteristics in several Chinese provinces","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01406","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in Piglets with congenital tremors in Southern China","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y., Shi, K., Sun, W., and Mo, S. (2019). Complete genome sequence of an Atypical Porcine Pestivirus strain, GX01-2018, from Guangxi Province, China. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01440-18"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12675","article-title":"Phylogenetic and genomic characterization of a novel atypical porcine pestivirus in China","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.12.008","article-title":"Detection of three novel atypical porcine pestivirus strains in newborn piglets with congenital tremor in southern China","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001188","article-title":"Prevalence and genome characteristics of atypical porcine pestivirus in southwest China","volume":"100","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104824","article-title":"Atypical porcine pestivirus in wild boar (Sus scrofa), Spain","volume":"183","author":"Ganges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"209","article-title":"Detection of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) from a case of congenital tremor in Korea","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Vet. Serv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12824","article-title":"Detection of atypical porcine pestivirus in Brazil in the central nervous system of suckling piglets with congenital tremor","volume":"65","author":"Gatto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufmann, C., Stalder, H., Sidler, X., Renzullo, S., Gurtner, C., Grahofer, A., and Schweizer, M. (2019). Long-term circulation of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) within Switzerland. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070653"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12981","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic characterization of atypical porcine pestivirus strains in Hungary","volume":"65","author":"Biksi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01211","article-title":"The control of classical swine fever in wild boar","volume":"6","author":"Moennig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Preventive strategy for BVDV infection in North America","volume":"60","author":"Ridpath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wen, W., Hao, G., Chen, H., Qian, P., and Li, X. (2018). A subunit vaccine based on E2 protein of atypical porcine pestivirus induces Th2-type immune response in mice. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120673"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/8\/903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:02:43Z","timestamp":1760176963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/8\/903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v12080903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12080903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]}}}