{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:27:33Z","timestamp":1791523653744,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI127552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI127552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI139314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI139314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI141478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI141478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000875","name":"Pew Charitable Trusts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pew Biomedical Scholars Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pew Biomedical Scholars Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011671","name":"G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MF-1905-00402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MF-1905-00402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009340","name":"Children's Discovery Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MI-II-2019-790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MI-II-2019-790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009340","name":"Children's Discovery Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MI-F-2018-712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MI-F-2018-712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteric viral co-infections, infections involving more than one virus, have been reported for a diverse group of etiological agents, including rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and enteroviruses. These pathogens are causative agents for acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages globally. Despite virus\u2013virus co-infection events in the intestine being increasingly detected, little is known about their impact on disease outcomes or human health. Here, we review what is currently known about the clinical prevalence of virus\u2013virus co-infections and how co-infections may influence vaccine responses. While experimental investigations into enteric virus co-infections have been limited, we highlight in vivo and in vitro models with exciting potential to investigate viral co-infections. Many features of virus\u2013virus co-infection mechanisms in the intestine remain unclear, and further research will be critical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T09:22:31Z","timestamp":1597828951000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Enteric Viral Co-Infections: Pathogenesis and Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heyde","family":"Makimaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences &amp; Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshad","family":"Ingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences &amp; Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan T.","family":"Baldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences &amp; Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020562","article-title":"Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children","volume":"9","author":"Parashar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. 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