{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:15:53Z","timestamp":1792188953319,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012236","name":"Alberta Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018F174R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018F174R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Mitacs Accelerate grant IT15623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mitacs Accelerate grant IT15623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) is an immunosuppressive adenovirus that causes an acute clinical disease characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 4-week-old turkeys and older. Recurrent incidence of secondary infections (e.g., systemic bacterial infections, cellulitis, and elevated mortality), may be associated with the presence of field-type HEV in Canadian turkey farms. We speculate that field-type HEV and vaccine\/vaccine-like strains can be differentiated through analysis of the viral genomes, hexon genes, and the specific virulence factors (e.g., ORF1, E3, and fib knob domain). Nine out of sixteen spleens obtained from cases suspected of immunosuppression by HEV were analyzed. The limited data obtained showed that: (1) field-type HEV circulates in many non-vaccinated western Canadian flocks; (2) field-type HEV circulates in vaccinated flocks with increased recurrent bacterial infections; and (3) the existence of novel point mutations in hexon, ORF1, E3, and specially fib knob domains. This is the first publication showing the circulation of wild-type HEV in HEV-vaccinated flocks in Western Canada, and the usefulness of a novel procedure that allows whole genome sequencing of HEV directly from spleens, without passaging in cell culture or passaging in vivo. Further studies focusing more samples are required to confirm our observations and investigate possible vaccination failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T09:05:37Z","timestamp":1598432737000},"page":"941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Palomino-Tapia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darko","family":"Mitevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Health Services, 1-4 East Lake Ave NE, Airdrie, AB T4A 2G8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Inglis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, 201\u2013151 East Lake Blvd, Airdrie, AB T4A 2G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Faizal","family":"Abdul-Careem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayne, D.E. 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