{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:46:19Z","timestamp":1787921179318,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141707, R01AI127893, F30AI149928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141707, R01AI127893, F30AI149928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investigator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investigator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1762114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1762114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An effective vaccine is essential for controlling the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here, we describe an influenza virus-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. We incorporated a membrane-anchored form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in place of the neuraminidase (NA) coding sequence in an influenza virus also possessing a mutation that reduces the affinity of hemagglutinin for its sialic acid receptor. The resulting \u0394NA(RBD)-Flu virus can be generated by reverse genetics and grown to high titers in cell culture. A single-dose intranasal inoculation of mice with \u0394NA(RBD)-Flu elicits serum neutralizing antibody titers against SAR-CoV-2 comparable to those observed in humans following natural infection (~1:200). Furthermore, \u0394NA(RBD)-Flu itself causes no apparent disease in mice. It might be possible to produce a vaccine similar to \u0394NA(RBD)-Flu at scale by leveraging existing platforms for the production of influenza vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]],"date-time":"2020-09-06T23:12:49Z","timestamp":1599433969000},"page":"987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Attenuated Influenza Virions Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Induce Neutralizing Antibodies in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Loes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Gentles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Greaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1267-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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