{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:38:30Z","timestamp":1790908710531,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T21:11:32Z","timestamp":1600031492000},"page":"1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0341-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Haake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Group Integrative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pusterla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine &amp; Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0057-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12377","article-title":"Cerebral pyogranuloma associated with systemic coronavirus infection in a ferret","volume":"57","author":"Gnirs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814568683","article-title":"Necrotizing Enteritis and Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Associated with Equine Coronavirus Infection in Equids","volume":"52","author":"Giannitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(98)80067-4","article-title":"Fatal enteritis associated with coronavirus infection in cats","volume":"119","author":"Kipar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.025","article-title":"Tropism and pathological findings associated with canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)","volume":"162","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2017). Coronaviridae. Fenner\u2019s Veterinary Virology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06540-11","article-title":"Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus Deltacoronavirus Supports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus","volume":"86","author":"Woo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108693","article-title":"Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses","volume":"244","author":"Decaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Zhao, K., Shi, Z.-L., and Zhou, P. (2019). Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030210"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7015","article-title":"Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS\u2013coronavirus 2","volume":"368","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/v4061011","article-title":"Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein","volume":"4","author":"Belouzard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00367-09","article-title":"Molecular Determinants for Subcellular Localization of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Open Reading Frame 3b Protein","volume":"83","author":"Freundt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90089-8","article-title":"The hemagglutinin\/esterase gene of human coronavirus strain OC43: Phylogenetic relationships to bovine and murine coronaviruses and influenza C virus","volume":"186","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9065","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800502105","article-title":"Structure of coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase offers insight into corona and influenza virus evolution","volume":"105","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-006-5438-8","article-title":"Structure, function and evolution of the hemagglutinin-esterase proteins of corona- and toroviruses","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8903","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05112-11","article-title":"Binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity","volume":"85","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708727114","article-title":"Tectonic conformational changes of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein promote membrane fusion","volume":"114","author":"Walls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.9010","article-title":"Processing of the coronavirus MHV-JHM polymerase polyprotein: Identification of precursors and proteolytic products spanning 400 kilodaltons of ORF1a","volume":"242","author":"Schiller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01358-06","article-title":"A Contemporary View of Coronavirus Transcription","volume":"81","author":"Sawicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, K., Huang, C., and Makino, S. (2008). Coronavirus Accessory Proteins. Nidoviruses, 235\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555815790.ch15"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.11.017","article-title":"The SARS-Coronavirus PLnc domain of nsp3 as a replication\/transcription scaffolding protein","volume":"133","author":"Imbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00221","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18","article-title":"Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease","volume":"9","author":"Agostini","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013056","article-title":"The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508200103","article-title":"Discovery of an RNA virus 3\u2019->5\u2019 exoribonuclease that is critically involved in coronavirus RNA synthesis","volume":"103","author":"Minskaia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enjuanes, L., Siddell, S.G., and Spaan, W. (1998). A New Model for Coronavirus Transcription. Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses, Springer US. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5331-1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, H.J., Bickerton, E., and Britton, P. (2015). Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Coronaviruses: Methods and Protocols, Springer. Methods in Molecular Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Xu, Y., Bao, L., Zhang, L., Yu, P., Qu, Y., Zhu, H., Zhao, W., Han, Y., and Qin, C. (2019). From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010059"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.6.2792-2802.2001","article-title":"Variations in Disparate Regions of the Murine Coronavirus Spike Protein Impact the Initiation of Membrane Fusion","volume":"75","author":"Krueger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.09.074","article-title":"Mosaic Structure of Human Coronavirus NL63, One Thousand Years of Evolution","volume":"364","author":"Pyrc","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.8.2.15013","article-title":"Coronaviruses","volume":"8","author":"Denison","year":"2011","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.08.007","article-title":"High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and in naturally FCoV-infected cats","volume":"6","author":"Meli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.684-689.1995","article-title":"Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR","volume":"33","author":"Herrewegh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.02.006","article-title":"Pathogenesis of feline enteric coronavirus infection","volume":"10","author":"Pedersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"368","article-title":"An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"42","author":"Pedersen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15586209","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of cats with feline infectious peritonitis\u2014A retrospective study of 231 confirmed cases (2000\u20132010)","volume":"18","author":"Riemer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12441875","article-title":"Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis in Australian cats","volume":"14","author":"Worthing","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.04.003","article-title":"Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds","volume":"8","author":"Radzai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"14","article-title":"The inheritance of susceptibility to feline infectious peritonitis in purebred catteries","volume":"24","author":"Foley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Feline Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.5.1964-1972.1990","article-title":"Prevalence and implications of feline coronavirus infections of captive and free-ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)","volume":"64","author":"Heeney","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"783","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"65","author":"Colby","year":"1970","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-08-210","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis in a Mountain Lion (Puma concolor), California, USA","volume":"49","author":"Stephenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1974.tb00519.x","article-title":"Feststellung der Felinen Infekti\u00f6sen Peritonitis (FIP) bei Hauskatzen und Leoparden in Deutschland","volume":"21","author":"Tuch","year":"1974","journal-title":"Zentralblatt F\u00fcr Veterin\u00e4rmedizin Reihe B"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Poelma, F.G., Peters, J.C., Mieog, W.H.C., and Zwart, P. (1974, January 2\u20136). Infekti\u00f6se Peritonitis bei Krakal (Felis Caracal) und Nordluchs (Felis Lynx Lynx). Proceedings of the Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 13th International Symposium of Zoo Veterinarians, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.143.19.535","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis in servals (Felis serval)","volume":"143","author":"Domingo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80229-0","article-title":"An extended outbreak of infectious peritonitis in a closed colony of european wildcats (Felis silvestris)","volume":"108","author":"Watt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Fowler, M.E. (1978). Felidae. Zoo Wild Animal Medecine, W.B. Saunders Co. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.09.008","article-title":"A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963\u20132008","volume":"11","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.120143","article-title":"Spike Protein Fusion Peptide and Feline Coronavirus Virulence","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1907.121094","article-title":"Mutation in spike protein cleavage site and pathogenesis of feline coronavirus","volume":"19","author":"Licitra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.07.020","article-title":"Mutations of 3c and spike protein genes correlate with the occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"173","author":"Stallkamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-49","article-title":"Amino acid changes in the spike protein of feline coronavirus correlate with systemic spread of virus from the intestine and not with feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"45","author":"Porter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten, S., and Hartmann, K. (2019). Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"133","article-title":"An update on feline infectious peritonitis: Diagnostics and therapeutics","volume":"201","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J. Lond. Engl. 1997"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.06.004","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of seizures associated with feline infectious peritonitis in cats","volume":"10","author":"Timmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Diagnosis and clinical signs of feline infectious peritonitis in the central nervous system","volume":"50","author":"Diaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814522077","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis: Still an enigma?","volume":"51","author":"Kipar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.07.017","article-title":"Cellular composition and interferon-\u03b3 expression of the local inflammatory response in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)","volume":"111","author":"Berg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-3-321","article-title":"Morphologic features and development of granulomatous vasculitis in feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"42","author":"Kipar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.08.004","article-title":"Feline Coronavirus in Multicat Environments","volume":"41","author":"Drechsler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"666","article-title":"Antibody, immune complexes, and complement activity fluctuations in kittens with experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"43","author":"Daha","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00778.x","article-title":"Type IV Hypersensitivity in the Pathogenesis of FIPV-Induced Lesions","volume":"45","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eggleton, P. (2001). Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex Mediated (Type III). ELS, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1038\/npg.els.0001138"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"868","article-title":"Immunologic phenomena in the effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"41","author":"Petersen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.03.027","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), produced by feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus-infected monocytes and macrophages, induces vascular permeability and effusion in cats with FIP","volume":"158","author":"Takano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-7-S1-S1","article-title":"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology","volume":"7","author":"Warrington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. Off. J. Can. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817728557","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Immunohistochemical Features of Ocular Inflammation and the Distribution of Viral Antigens in Structures of the Eye","volume":"54","author":"Lewczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02144.x","article-title":"Diagnostic Features of Clinical Neurologic Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"12","author":"Foley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14791","article-title":"Clinicopathologic Features and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 24 Cats With Histopathologically Confirmed Neurologic Feline Infectious Peritonitis","volume":"31","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"183","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis in a cat presented because of papular skin lesions","volume":"60","author":"Redford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00684.x","article-title":"Papular cutaneous lesions in a cat associated with feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"19","author":"Declercq","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.12.001","article-title":"Cutaneous lesions associated with coronavirus-induced vasculitis in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis and concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Cannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Andre, N.M., Miller, A., and Whittaker, G.R. (2020, July 28). Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus-Associated Rhinitis in a Cat. Available online: http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"681","article-title":"Chronic fibrinous and necrotic orchitis in a cat","volume":"37","author":"Foster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0443","article-title":"Orchitis in a Cat Associated with Coronavirus Infection","volume":"124","author":"Lutz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.08.006","article-title":"Priapism in a castrated cat associated with feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"10","author":"Rota","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.759","article-title":"A feline case of isolated fourth ventricle with syringomyelia suspected to be related with feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"69","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaimes, J.A., Millet, J.K., Stout, A.E., Andr\u00e9, N.M., and Whittaker, G.R. (2020). A Tale of Two Viruses: The Distinct Spike Glycoproteins of Feline Coronaviruses. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010083"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718424","article-title":"Molecular cloning and sequence determination of the peplomer protein gene of feline infectious peritonitis virus type I","volume":"140","author":"Motokawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.54.557","article-title":"The prevalence of types I and II feline coronavirus infections in cats","volume":"54","author":"Hohdatsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19129-0","article-title":"Persistence and transmission of natural type I feline coronavirus infection","volume":"84","author":"Addie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terada, Y., Matsui, N., Noguchi, K., Kuwata, R., Shimoda, H., Soma, T., Mochizuki, M., and Maeda, K. (2014). Emergence of Pathogenic Coronaviruses in Cats by Homologous Recombination between Feline and Canine Coronaviruses. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106534"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4508-4514.1998","article-title":"Feline coronavirus type II strains 79-1683 and 79-1146 originate from a double recombination between feline coronavirus type I and canine coronavirus","volume":"72","author":"Herrewegh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10312","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01031-08","article-title":"de Gain, Preservation, and Loss of a Group 1a Coronavirus Accessory Glycoprotein","volume":"82","author":"Lorusso","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8669","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.12.8669-8674.1996","article-title":"Feline aminopeptidase N serves as a receptor for feline, canine, porcine, and human coronaviruses in serogroup I","volume":"70","author":"Tresnan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2010.956644","article-title":"Enhanced expression of CD13 in vessels of inflammatory and neoplastic tissues","volume":"59","author":"Arrigoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem. Off. J. Histochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050336","article-title":"Differences in virus receptor for type I and type II feline infectious peritonitis virus","volume":"143","author":"Hohdatsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.04.031","article-title":"Intriguing interplay between feline infectious peritonitis virus and its receptors during entry in primary feline monocytes","volume":"160","author":"Desmarets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0578-y","article-title":"Characterization of peritoneal cells from cats with experimentally-induced feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) using RNA-seq","volume":"49","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.2.956-965.1992","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages","volume":"66","author":"Olsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.49","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection in Feline Alveolar Macrophages and Human Monocyte Cell Line U937 by Serum of Cats Experimentally or Naturally Infected with Feline Coronavirus","volume":"60","author":"Hohdatsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02015","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02015-19","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/002212-0","article-title":"Clathrin- and caveolae-independent entry of feline infectious peritonitis virus in monocytes depends on dynamin","volume":"89","author":"Dewerchin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, J.G., and Marini, R.P. (2014). Biology and Diseases of the Ferret, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118782699"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.526","article-title":"Coronavirus-associated epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets","volume":"217","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoefer, H.L. (2020). Gastrointestinal Diseases of Ferrets. Ferrets Rabbit. Rodents, 27\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48435-0.00003-4"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.031","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE) in ferrets","volume":"349","author":"Wise","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.45-2-236","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features of a systemic coronavirus-associated disease resembling feline infectious peritonitis in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius)","volume":"45","author":"Garner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.160215","article-title":"Determination of Ferret Enteric Coronavirus Genome in Laboratory Ferrets","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d4705","article-title":"Abdominal radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with systemic coronavirus infection","volume":"169","author":"Dominguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"508","article-title":"Systemic Coronaviral Disease in 5 Ferrets","volume":"65","author":"Autieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816634809","article-title":"Coronavirus Infection in Ferrets: Antigen Distribution and Inflammatory Response","volume":"53","author":"Ramis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.09.006","article-title":"Enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (Co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors","volume":"195","author":"Duijvestijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.04.007","article-title":"A molecular survey for selected viral enteropathogens revealed a limited role of Canine circovirus in the development of canine acute gastroenteritis","volume":"204","author":"Dowgier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.012","article-title":"Prevalence of canine enteric coronavirus in a cross-sectional survey of dogs presenting at veterinary practices","volume":"140","author":"Stavisky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Binn, L.N., Lazar, E.C., Keenan, K.P., Huxsoll, D.L., Marchwicki, R.H., and Strano, A.J. (1974). Recovery and characterization of a coronavirus from military dogs with diarrhea. Proc. Annu. Meet. US Anim. Health Assoc., 359\u2013366."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.06.007","article-title":"An update on canine coronaviruses: Viral evolution and pathobiology","volume":"132","author":"Decaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2006.00974.x","article-title":"First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain","volume":"53","author":"Decaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2001.00466.x","article-title":"Severe enteric disease in an animal shelter associated with dual infections by canine adenovirus type 1 and canine coronavirus","volume":"48","author":"Pratelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879901100615","article-title":"Fatal Coronavirus Infection in Puppies following Canine Parvovirus 2b Infection","volume":"11","author":"Pratelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700618","article-title":"Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection","volume":"17","author":"Evermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diagn. Inc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050839","article-title":"Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs","volume":"12","author":"Buonavoglia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfano, F., Fusco, G., Mari, V., Occhiogrosso, L., Miletti, G., Brunetti, R., Galiero, G., Desario, C., Cirilli, M., and Decaro, N. (2020). Circulation of pantropic canine coronavirus in autochthonous and imported dogs, Italy. Transbound. Emerg. Dis.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13542"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-07-182","article-title":"Identification of Pantropic Canine Coronavirus in a Wolf ( Canis lupus italicus) in Italy","volume":"55","author":"Alfano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"305","article-title":"Two genotypes of Canine coronavirus simultaneously detected in the fecal samples of healthy foxes and raccoon dogs","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.4.740","article-title":"Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska","volume":"37","author":"Zarnke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-014-0825-0","article-title":"Comparative survey of canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine enteric coronavirus infection in free-ranging wolves of central Italy and south-eastern France","volume":"60","author":"Molnar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, C., Guo, D., Wang, X., Wei, S., Geng, Y., Wang, E., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., and Su, M. (2016). Co-Circulation of Canine Coronavirus I and IIa\/b with High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146975"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01937-08","article-title":"Recombinant canine coronaviruses related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus of Swine are circulating in dogs","volume":"83","author":"Decaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.3390\/v6083363","article-title":"Canine Enteric Coronaviruses: Emerging Viral Pathogens with Distinct Recombinant Spike Proteins","volume":"6","author":"Licitra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.05.004","article-title":"Systemic fatal type II coronavirus infection in a dog: Pathological findings and immunohistochemistry","volume":"84","author":"Zappulli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.02.008","article-title":"Canine respiratory coronavirus: An emerging pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex","volume":"38","author":"Erles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.02.008","article-title":"Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus","volume":"115","author":"Priestnall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900206","article-title":"Serological Prevalence of Canine Respiratory Coronavirus in Southern Italy and Epidemiological Relationship with Canine Enteric Coronavirus","volume":"19","author":"Priestnall","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02397-05","article-title":"Survey of Dogs in Japan for Group 2 Canine Coronavirus Infection","volume":"44","author":"Yachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2009.58624","article-title":"The seroprevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus and canine influenza virus in dogs in New Zealand","volume":"57","author":"Knesl","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00160-0","article-title":"Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease","volume":"310","author":"Erles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.06.009","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease","volume":"192","author":"Decaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12389","article-title":"Prevalence of canine infectious respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at US animal shelters","volume":"56","author":"Lavan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.09.017","article-title":"Quantification of mRNA encoding cytokines and chemokines and assessment of ciliary function in canine tracheal epithelium during infection with canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)","volume":"127","author":"Priestnall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.k1426","article-title":"Small animal disease surveillance: Respiratory disease 2017","volume":"182","author":"Arsevska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104290","article-title":"Evolutionary genetics of canine respiratory coronavirus and recent introduction into Swedish dogs","volume":"82","author":"Wille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820926485","article-title":"Canine Respiratory Coronavirus: A Naturally Occurring Model of COVID-19?","volume":"57","author":"Priestnall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0551-9","article-title":"Canine respiratory coronavirus employs caveolin-1-mediated pathway for internalization to HRT-18G cells","volume":"49","author":"Szczepanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczepanski, A., Owczarek, K., Bzowska, M., Gula, K., Drebot, I., Ochman, M., Maksym, B., Rajfur, Z., Mitchell, J.A., and Pyrc, K. (2019). Canine Respiratory Coronavirus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus OC43: Receptors and Attachment Factors. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040328"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.10.008","article-title":"Development of a quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of canine respiratory coronavirus","volume":"155","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200210","article-title":"Neonatal Enterocolitis Associated with Coronavirus Infection in a Foal: A Case Report","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.11.004","article-title":"Enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses","volume":"231","author":"Pusterla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12480","article-title":"Disease associated with equine coronavirus infection and high case fatality rate","volume":"29","author":"Fielding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.10.014","article-title":"Emerging outbreaks associated with equine coronavirus in adult horses","volume":"162","author":"Pusterla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2205-1","article-title":"Experimental inoculation of equine coronavirus into Japanese draft horses","volume":"159","author":"Nemoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15318","article-title":"Investigation of an experimental infection model of equine coronavirus in adult horses","volume":"32","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12453","article-title":"Equine coronavirus: An emerging enteric virus of adult horses","volume":"28","author":"Pusterla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1806","article-title":"Potential pathogens in feces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhea","volume":"223","author":"Cebra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200118","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Coronavirus Possibly Associated with Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) in California, 2007","volume":"22","author":"Crossley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, L.K., Rodriguez, J.S., and Tibary, A. (2014). Disorders and Diseases of Pregnancy. Llama Alpaca Care, 256\u2013273.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2352-6.00023-7"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.06.035","article-title":"Genomic characterization of equine coronavirus","volume":"369","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2565-1","article-title":"Complete genome analysis of equine coronavirus isolated in Japan","volume":"160","author":"Nemoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00232-08","article-title":"Detection of an Antigenic Group 2 Coronavirus in an Adult Alpaca with Enteritis","volume":"15","author":"Genova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol. CVI"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.03.035","article-title":"Analysis of the genome sequence of an alpaca coronavirus","volume":"365","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2018.01.001","article-title":"Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses","volume":"100","author":"Corman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123689","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of a Novel Alpaca Respiratory Coronavirus Most Closely Related to the Human Coronavirus 229E","volume":"4","author":"Crossley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60286-9","article-title":"The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses","volume":"Volume 48","author":"Maramorosch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Advances in Virus Research"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.09.001","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes","volume":"25","author":"Forni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/9\/1023\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:09:34Z","timestamp":1760177374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/9\/1023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v12091023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12091023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]]}}}