{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:39:21Z","timestamp":1792478361745,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS065719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS065719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI102876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI102876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyomaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that can cause severe disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Studies with SV40, a well-studied model polyomavirus, have revealed the role of host proteins in polyomavirus entry and trafficking to the nucleus, in viral transcription and DNA replication, and in cell transformation. In contrast, little is known about host factors or cellular signaling pathways involved in the late steps of productive infection leading to release of progeny polyomaviruses. We previously showed that cytoplasmic vacuolization, a characteristic late cytopathic effect of SV40 infection, depends on the specific interaction between the major viral capsid protein VP1 and its cell surface ganglioside receptor GM1. Here, we show that, late during infection, SV40 activates a signaling cascade in permissive monkey CV-1 cells involving Ras, Rac1, MKK4, and JNK to stimulate SV40-specific cytoplasmic vacuolization and subsequent cell lysis and virus release. Inhibition of individual components of this signaling pathway inhibits vacuolization, lysis, and virus release, even though high-level intracellular virus replication occurs. Identification of this pathway for SV40-induced vacuolization and virus release provides new insights into the late steps of non-enveloped virus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T10:43:48Z","timestamp":1601894628000},"page":"1128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["SV40 Polyomavirus Activates the Ras-MAPK Signaling Pathway for Vacuolization, Cell Death, and Virus Release"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nasim","family":"Motamedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xaver","family":"Sewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519-1418, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walther","family":"Mothes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519-1418, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2060-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"DiMaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biophysics &amp; Biochemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA"},{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA"},{"name":"Yale Cancer Center, P.O. Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.12.015","article-title":"Human polyomaviruses in disease and cancer","volume":"437","author":"Dalianis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2016-0345","article-title":"The biology of JC polyomavirus","volume":"398","author":"Assetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.08.007","article-title":"Frequent infection of neurons by SV40 virus in SIV-infected macaque monkeys with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and meningoencephalitis","volume":"183","author":"Kaliyaperumal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. 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