{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:20:00Z","timestamp":1790842800247,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a reduction in Lactobacillus (L.) spp. abundance and increased abundance of facultative anaerobes, such as Gardnerella spp. BV aetiology is not fully understood; however, bacteriophages could play a pivotal role in the perturbation of the vaginal bacterial community. We investigated the vaginal viral community, including bacteriophages and the association to the bacterial community and BV-status. Vaginal samples from 48 patients undergoing IVF treatment for non-female factor infertility were subjected to metagenomic sequencing of purified virus-like particles. The vaginal viral community was characterized and correlated with the BV-status by Nugent score, bacterial community, structure, and the presence of key vaginal bacterial species. The majority of identified vaginal viruses belonged to the class of double-stranded DNA bacteriophages, with eukaryotic viruses constituting 4% of the total reads. Clear links between the viral community composition and BV (q = 0.006, R = 0.26) as well as the presence of L. crispatus (q = 0.001, R = 0.43), L. iners, Gardnerella spp., and Atopobium vaginae were found (q &lt; 0.002, R &gt; 0.15). The eukaryotic viral community also correlated with BV-status (q = 0.018, R = 0.20). In conclusion, the vaginal virome was clearly linked with bacterial community structure and BV-status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1602238763000},"page":"1143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Characterization of the Vaginal DNA Virome in Health and Dysbiosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7416-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus Riemer","family":"Jakobsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology and Fermentation, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9304-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thor","family":"Haahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"The Fertility Clinic Skive, Skive Regional Hospital, DK-7800 Skive, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Humaidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"The Fertility Clinic Skive, Skive Regional Hospital, DK-7800 Skive, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen Skov","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witold Piotr","family":"Kot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University, Ris\u00f8, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josue Leonardo","family":"Castro-Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology and Fermentation, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology and Fermentation, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Dyrmann","family":"Leser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health, Innovation, Chr. Hansen A\/S, 10-12 Boege All\u00e9, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis Sandris","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology and Fermentation, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Unraveling the dynamics of the human vaginal microbiome","volume":"89","author":"Nunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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