{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:18:31Z","timestamp":1760239111029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017KM79NN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017KM79NN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The non-structural protein NSs of the Phenuiviridae family members appears to have a role in the host immunity escape. The stability of Toscana virus (TOSV) NSs protein was tested by a cycloheximide (CHX) chase approach on cells transfected with NSs deleted versions fused to a reporter gene. The presence of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) both at the C- and N-terminus appeared to affect the protein stability. Indeed, the NSs\u0394C and NSs\u0394N proteins were more stable than the wild-type NSs counterpart. Since TOSV NSs exerts its inhibitory function by triggering RIG-I for proteasomal degradation, the interaction of the ubiquitin system and TOSV NSs was further examined. Chase experiments with CHX and the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 demonstrated the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in controlling NSs protein amount expressed in the cells. The analysis of TOSV NSs by mass spectrometry allowed the direct identification of K104, K109, K154, K180, K244, K294, and K298 residues targeted for ubiquitination. Analysis of NSs K-mutants confirmed the presence and the important role of lysine residues located in the central and the C-terminal parts of the protein in controlling the NSs cellular level. Therefore, we directly demonstrated a new cellular pathway involved in controlling TOSV NSs fate and activity, and this opens the way to new investigations among more pathogenic viruses of the Phenuiviridae family.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T21:48:38Z","timestamp":1602625718000},"page":"1153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ubiquitin and Not Only Unfolded Domains Drives Toscana Virus Non-Structural NSs Protein Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianni","family":"Gori Savellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8951-2106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Assunta","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Laboratory of Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Anichini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Gandolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"S. Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shibily","family":"Prathyumnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8869-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Cusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"S. Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549850161539","article-title":"Phlebotomus-transmitted toscana virus infections of the central nervous system: A seven-year experience in Tuscany","volume":"30","author":"Braito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"Ecological and epidemiological studies of Toscana virus, an arbovirus isolated from Phlebotomus","volume":"18","author":"Verani","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"195","article-title":"Studies on Phlebotomus transmitted viruses in Italy: I. Isolation and characterization of a Sandfly fever Naples-like virus. 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