{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:24:43Z","timestamp":1778757883320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["R01AI101047, R01AI116835, and R01AI143844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI101047, R01AI116835, and R01AI143844"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza is one of the top threats to public health. The best strategy to prevent influenza is vaccination. Because of the antigenic changes in the major surface antigens of influenza viruses, current seasonal influenza vaccines need to be updated every year to match the circulating strains and are suboptimal for protection. Furthermore, seasonal vaccines do not protect against potential influenza pandemics. A universal influenza vaccine will eliminate the threat of both influenza epidemics and pandemics. Due to the massive challenge in realizing influenza vaccine universality, a single vaccine strategy cannot meet the need. A comprehensive approach that integrates advances in immunogen designs, vaccine and adjuvant nanoplatforms, and vaccine delivery and controlled release has the potential to achieve an effective universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the advances in the research and development of an affordable universal influenza vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1603679694000},"page":"1212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Influenza Vaccines toward Universality through Nanoplatforms and Given by Microneedle Patches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sijia","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity &amp; Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wandi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity &amp; Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1561-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao-Zhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation, Immunity &amp; Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00031-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00031-14","article-title":"Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and Swine: Proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family","volume":"5","author":"Hause","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00559","article-title":"Structural and functional motifs in influenza virus RNAs","volume":"9","author":"Ferhadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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