{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:03:36Z","timestamp":1794006216382,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["440593\/2016-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["440593\/2016-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yellow fever (YF) is a re-emerging viral zoonosis caused by the Yellow Fever virus (YFV), affecting humans and non-human primates (NHP). YF is endemic in South America and Africa, being considered a burden for public health worldwide despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Acute infectious disease can progress to severe hemorrhagic conditions and has high rates of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. In 2016, Brazil started experiencing one of the most significant YF epidemics in its history, with lots of deaths being reported in regions that were previously considered free of the disease. Here, we reviewed the historical aspects of YF in Brazil, the epidemiology of the disease, the challenges that remain in Brazil\u2019s public health context, the main lessons learned from the recent outbreaks, and our perspective for facing future YF epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T09:29:32Z","timestamp":1604050172000},"page":"1233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Re-Emergence of Yellow Fever in Brazil during 2016\u20132019: Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Poliana","family":"de Oliveira Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Gabriella","family":"Stoffella-Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galileu","family":"Barbosa Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Waldemar Falc\u00e3o, 121, Candeal, Salvador Bahia 40296-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Silva de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Dourado Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4153-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane","family":"Duarte Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, n\u00ba 5.000 Alto da Jacuba 39100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila Lorene","family":"Soares Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, n\u00ba 5.000 Alto da Jacuba 39100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pessoa","family":"Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual Paulista J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, S\u00e3o Paulo Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1102-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maur\u00edcio","family":"Lacerda Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo 15090-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magno Augusto","family":"Zaz\u00e1 Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Avenida Prof. Rui Braga, s\/n, Vila Mauriceia 39408-354, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Pereira Paglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelle","family":"Desiree LaBeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm G312 MC 5208, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f4natas","family":"Santos Abrah\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2721-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erna","family":"Geessien Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Bretas de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, n\u00ba 5.000 Alto da Jacuba 39100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00e2nia","family":"Paiva Drumond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giliane","family":"de Souza Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"747","article-title":"Flaviviridae","volume":"6","author":"Knipe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fields Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brasil, Secretaria de aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 sa\u00fade, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2019). 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