{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T09:25:24Z","timestamp":1768641924012,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013227","name":"Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOHW104-CDC-C-114-114901-H105002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW104-CDC-C-114-114901-H105002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-105-2321-B-006 -024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-105-2321-B-006 -024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cardinal feature of adaptive immunity is its ability to form memory responses that can be rapidly recalled to contain pathogens upon reencountering. Conferring a robust memory immune response to an infection is a key feature for a successful vaccination program. The plasmablasts are cells that not only can secret non-neutralizing antibodies but also can secrete the specific antibodies essential to neutralize and inactivate the invading pathogens. Dengue has been recognized as one of the most important vector-borne human viral diseases globally. Currently, supportive care with vigilant monitoring is the standard practice since there is as yet no approved therapeutic modality to treat dengue. Even though the approved vaccine has become available, its low efficacy with the potential to cause harm is the major hurdle to promote the widespread usage of the vaccine. Despite the decades of research on dengue, the major challenge in dengue vaccine development is the absence of suitable experimental animal models that reflect the pathological features and clinical symptoms, as seen in humans. Dengue is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes carrying infectious dengue virus (DENV), which has four distinct serotypes. Recently, cases resulting from unconventional transmission routes, such as blood transfusion, organs as well as stem cells and bone marrow transplantations, and mother-to-infant vertical transmission, have been reported, suggesting an alternate route of DENV transmission exists in nature. This review discusses issues and challenges needing to be resolved to develop an effective dengue vaccine. Development of a robust and reliable dengue animal model that can reflect not only dynamic human clinical symptoms but also can answer around why preexisting neutralizing antibodies do not confer protection upon re-infection and immune protection marker for dengue vaccine efficacy evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1604567074000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Use of Animal Models in Studying Roles of Antibodies and Their Secretion Cells in Dengue Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kulkanya","family":"Chokephaibulkit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"},{"name":"Siriraj Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wen","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sazaly","family":"AbuBakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kovit","family":"Pattanapanyasat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guey Chuen","family":"Perng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"422","article-title":"The symptoms of a dengue-loke illness recorded in a Chinese medical encyclopedia","volume":"26","author":"Nobuchi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Kanp Rinsho"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1931.s1-11.77","article-title":"Dengue fever","volume":"11","author":"Simmons","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am. 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