{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:52:05Z","timestamp":1789210325157,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated temporal trends of codon usage changes for different host species to determine their importance in Zika virus (ZIKV) evolution. Viral spillover resulting from the potential of codon adaptation to host genome was also assessed for the African genotype ZIKV in comparison to the Asian genotype. To improve our understanding on its zoonotic maintenance, we evaluated in vitro the biological properties of the African genotype ZIKV in vertebrate and mosquito cell lines. Analyses were performed in comparison to Yellow fever virus (YFV). Despite significantly lower codon adaptation index trends than YFV, ZIKV showed evident codon adaptation to vertebrate hosts, particularly for the green African monkey Chlorocebus aethiops. PCA and CAI analyses at the individual ZIKV gene level for both human and Aedes aegypti indicated a clear distinction between the two genotypes. African ZIKV isolates showed higher virulence in mosquito cells than in vertebrate cells. Their higher replication in mosquito cells than African YFV confirmed the role of mosquitoes in the natural maintenance of the African genotype ZIKV. An analysis of individual strain growth characteristics indicated that the widely used reference strain MR766 replicates poorly in comparison to African ZIKV isolates. The recombinant African Zika virus strain ArD128000*E\/NS5 may be a good model to include in studies on the mechanism of host tropism, as it cannot replicate in the tested vertebrate cell line.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1605524660000},"page":"1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Biological Characteristics and Patterns of Codon Usage Evolution for the African Genotype Zika Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Faye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naimah","family":"Zein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, CEDEX, 10142\/67404 Illkirch, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Loucoubar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Modeling group, Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7063-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Weidmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marielton dos Passos","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Marinho de Andrade","family":"Zanotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Alpha Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumar","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika virus isolations and serological specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. 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