{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:12:25Z","timestamp":1790838745232,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence and rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) on a global scale as well as the establishment of a causal link between Zika infection and congenital syndrome and neurological disorders triggered unprecedented efforts towards the development of a safe and effective Zika vaccine. Multiple vaccine platforms, including purified inactivated virus, nucleic acid vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and viral-vectored vaccines, have advanced to human clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field of Zika vaccine development and the challenges for future clinical efficacy trials. We provide a brief overview on Zika vaccine platforms in the pipeline before summarizing the vaccine candidates in clinical trials, with a focus on recent, promising results from vaccine candidates that completed phase I trials. Despite low levels of transmission during recent years, ZIKV has become endemic in the Americas and the potential of large Zika outbreaks remains real. It is important for vaccine developers to continue developing their Zika vaccines, so that a potential vaccine is ready for deployment and clinical efficacy trials when the next ZIKV outbreak occurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1606731972000},"page":"1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Glimmer of Hope: Recent Updates and Future Challenges in Zika Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila M. S.","family":"Castanha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto T. A.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika Virus (I). Isolations and serological specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.11.007","article-title":"Flavivirus transmission focusing on Zika","volume":"22","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01556147","article-title":"Laboratory infection with Zika virus after vaccination against yellow fever","volume":"43","author":"Filipe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(64)90201-9","article-title":"Zika virus infection in man","volume":"58","author":"Simpson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.171082","article-title":"Zika: The origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus","volume":"94","author":"Kindhauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O595","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12707","article-title":"Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area","volume":"20","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20761","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.14.20761","article-title":"Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014","volume":"19","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61977-2","article-title":"Emerging arboviruses in the Pacific","volume":"384","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.150847","article-title":"Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150192","article-title":"First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil","volume":"110","author":"Zanluca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, R., Barcellos, C., Brasil, P., Cruz, O., Hon\u00f3rio, N., Kuper, H., and Carvalho, M. (2018). The Zika Virus Epidemic in Brazil: From Discovery to Future Implications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010096"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"E4334","article-title":"Spread of Zika virus in the Americas","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22401","article-title":"Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas","volume":"546","author":"Faria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303113","article-title":"The Epidemic of Zika Virus\u2013Related Microcephaly in Brazil: Detection, Control, Etiology, and Future Scenarios","volume":"106","author":"Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30318-8","article-title":"Association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in Brazil, January to May, 2016: Preliminary report of a case-control study","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30727-2","article-title":"Association between microcephaly, Zika virus infection, and other risk factors in Brazil: Final report of a case-control study","volume":"18","author":"Ximenes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Health Organization WHO (2020, September 12). Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee Regarding Clusters of Microcephaly and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/detail\/01-02-2016-who-director-general-summarizes-the-outcome-of-the-emergency-committee-regarding-clusters-of-microcephaly-and-guillain-barr\u00e9-syndrome."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magalhaes, T., Morais, C.N.L., Jacques, I.J.A.A., Azevedo, E.A.N., Brito, A.M., Lima, P.V., Carvalho, G.M.M., Lima, A.R.S., Castanha, P.M.S., and Cordeiro, M.T. (2020). Follow-up household serosurvey in Northeast Brazil for Zika virus: Sexual contacts of index patients have the highest risk for seropositivity. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa563"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6534e2","article-title":"Likely Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus from a Man with No Symptoms of Infection\u2014Maryland, 2016. MMWR","volume":"65","author":"Brooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"30254","article-title":"Sexual transmission of Zika virus in an entirely asymptomatic couple returning from a Zika epidemic area, France, April 2016","volume":"21","author":"Hubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6528e2","article-title":"Suspected Female-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus\u2014New York City, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6514a3","article-title":"Male-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus\u2014Texas, January 2016","volume":"65","author":"Deckard","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2102.141363","article-title":"Potential Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus","volume":"21","author":"Musso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161499","article-title":"Zika Virus RNA Replication and Persistence in Brain and Placental Tissue","volume":"23","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.008","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy in Mice Causes Placental Damage and Fetal Demise","volume":"165","author":"Miner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F.M.E., Pietrobon, A.J., Oliveira, L.D.M., Oliveira, L.M.D.S., and Sato, M.N. (2020). Maternal-Fetal Interplay in Zika Virus Infection and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00175"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group (2016). Microcephaly in Infants, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2015. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 22, 1090\u20131093.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.160062"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303115","article-title":"Initial Description of the Presumed Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Martelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602412","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"375","author":"Brasil","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13681","article-title":"Probable transfusion-transmitted Zika virus in Brazil","volume":"56","author":"Angerami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1607262","article-title":"Evidence for Transmission of Zika Virus by Platelet Transfusion","volume":"375","author":"Motta","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-017-0233-5","article-title":"Zika virus disease, microcephaly and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Colombia: Epidemiological situation during 21 months of the Zika virus outbreak, 2015\u20132017","volume":"75","author":"Mattar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2018.02.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome among Zika virus infected cases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Barbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Styczynski, A.R., Malta, J.M.A.S., Krow-Lucal, E.R., Percio, J., N\u00f3brega, M.E., Vargas, A., Lanzieri, T.M., Leite, P.L., Staples, J.E., and Fischer, M.X. (2017). Increased rates of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with Zika virus outbreak in the Salvador metropolitan area, Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005869"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"30154","article-title":"Zika virus detection in urine from patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome on Martinique, January 2016","volume":"21","author":"Najioullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00562-6","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study","volume":"387","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0306","article-title":"Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome After Zika Virus Infection in Brazil","volume":"95","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.L., Ponce de Le\u00f3n Rosales, S., Vargas Ca\u00f1as, E.S., C\u00e1rdenas, G., Carrillo Loza, K., D\u00edaz-Qui\u00f1onez, J.A., L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez, I., Jim\u00e9nez-Corona, M.-E., Ruiz-Matus, C., and Kuri Morales, P. (2019). Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Associated With Zika Virus Infection: A Prospective Case Series From Mexico. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00435"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00651-6","article-title":"Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013\u20132015: A retrospective study","volume":"387","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6549e1","article-title":"Preliminary Report of Microcephaly Potentially Associated with Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy\u2014Colombia, January\u2013November 2016","volume":"65","author":"Cuevas","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0126","article-title":"Birth Defects Potentially Related to Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy in the United States","volume":"319","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, M.H., Zepeda, O., Blette, B., Jadi, R., Morales, M., P\u00e9rez, R., Liou, G.-J.A., Montoya-Cruz, M., Harris, E., and Becker-Dreps, S. (2020). Serologic surveillance of maternal Zika infection in a prospective cohort in Leon, Nicaragua during the peak of the Zika epidemic. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230692"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709481","article-title":"Pregnancy Outcomes after ZIKV Infection in French Territories in the Americas","volume":"378","author":"Hoen","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19006","article-title":"Birth Defects Among Fetuses and Infants of US Women With Evidence of Possible Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy","volume":"317","author":"Honein","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6534e3","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Infants with Microcephaly and Evidence of Congenital Zika Virus Infection\u2014Brazil, November 2015\u2013May 2016","volume":"65","author":"Leal","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0267","article-title":"Ocular Findings in Infants With Microcephaly Associated With Presumed Zika Virus Congenital Infection in Salvador, Brazil","volume":"134","author":"Prazeres","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5204","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Children with in Utero Zika Virus Exposure Without Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"174","author":"Mulkey","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7235","article-title":"Association of Infants Exposed to Prenatal Zika Virus Infection with Their Clinical, Neurologic, and Developmental Status Evaluated via the General Movement Assessment Tool","volume":"2","author":"Einspieler","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, T.E., and Diamond, M.S. (2017). Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection, Pathogenesis, and Immunity. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00009-17"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35296","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35296","article-title":"ZIKA virus reveals broad tissue and cell tropism during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Gouilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618029113","article-title":"Zika virus cell tropism in the developing human brain and inhibition by azithromycin","volume":"113","author":"Retallack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leda, A.R., Bertrand, L., Andras, I.E., El-Hage, N., Nair, M., and Toborek, M. (2019). Selective Disruption of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier by Zika Virus. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02158"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, C.A.A., Henriques-Souza, A., Soares, C.R.P., Castanha, P.M.S., Machado, L.C., Pereira, M.R., Sobral, M.C.M., Lucena-Araujo, A.R., Wallau, G.L., and Franca, R.F.O. (2018). Persistent detection of Zika virus RNA from an infant with severe microcephaly\u2014A case report. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3313-4"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613108","article-title":"Persistence of Zika Virus in Body Fluids\u2014Final Report","volume":"379","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6143","article-title":"Zika virus infection enhances future risk of severe dengue disease","volume":"369","author":"Katzelnick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav6618","article-title":"Impact of preexisting dengue immunity on Zika virus emergence in a dengue endemic region","volume":"363","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castanha, P.M.S., Erdos, G., Watkins, S.C., Falo, L.D., Marques, E.T.A., and Barratt-Boyes, S.M. (2020). Reciprocal immune enhancement of dengue and Zika virus infection in human skin. JCI Insight, 5.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133653"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10901-1","article-title":"Prior Exposure to Zika Virus Significantly Enhances Peak Dengue-2 Viremia in Rhesus Macaques","volume":"7","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw377","article-title":"Zika Virus-Induced Antibody Response Enhances Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Replication in vitro","volume":"214","author":"Kawiecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"781","article-title":"Dengue Virus-Specific Antibodies Enhance Brazilian Zika Virus Infection","volume":"215","author":"Castanha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4365","article-title":"Enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis by preexisting antiflavivirus immunity","volume":"356","author":"Bardina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.09.015","article-title":"Maternally Acquired Zika Antibodies Enhance Dengue Disease Severity in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Fowler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7852","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607931113","article-title":"Human antibody responses after dengue virus infection are highly cross-reactive to Zika virus","volume":"113","author":"Priyamvada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.07.001","article-title":"Progress and Works in Progress: Update on Flavivirus Vaccine Development","volume":"39","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, S.-Q., Yang, X., Wei, Y., Chen, J.-T., Wang, X.-J., and Peng, H.-J. (2020). A Review on Dengue Vaccine Development. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010063"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800820","article-title":"Effect of Dengue Serostatus on Dengue Vaccine Safety and Efficacy","volume":"379","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, September 14). Zika Vaccine Development Technology Roadmap. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/research\/development\/Zika_Vaccine_Development_Technology_Roadmap_after_consultation_April_2019.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vartak, A., and Sucheck, S. (2016). Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers. Vaccines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4020012"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallis, J., Shenton, D.P., and Carlisle, R.C. (2019). Novel approaches for the design, delivery and administration of vaccine technologies. Clin. Exp. Immunol., cei.13287.","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13287"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral-Miranda, G., Lim, S.M., Mohsen, M.O., Pobelov, I.V., Roesti, E.S., Heath, M.D., Skinner, M.A., Kramer, M.F., Martina, B.E.E., and Bachmann, M.F. (2019). Zika Virus-Derived E-DIII Protein Displayed on Immunologically Optimized VLPs Induces Neutralizing Antibodies without Causing Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030072"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08247-9","article-title":"Virus-like particles that display Zika virus envelope protein domain III induce potent neutralizing immune responses in mice","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61103-1","article-title":"Virus Like Particles (VLP) as multivalent vaccine candidate against Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis, Yellow Fever and Zika Virus","volume":"10","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, A. (2019). Comparison of Plasmid DNA and mRNA as Vaccine Technologies. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7020037"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M303336200","article-title":"HIV-1 p55Gag encoded in the lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 as a DNA plasmid vaccine chimera is highly expressed, traffics to the major histocompatibility class II compartment, and elicits enhanced immune responses","volume":"278","author":"Marques","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2265","article-title":"Dendritic cell-lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP) and LAMP-1-HIV-1 gag chimeras have distinct cellular trafficking pathways and prime T and B cell responses to a diverse repertoire of epitopes","volume":"177","author":"Arruda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Han, H.-H., Diaz, C., Acosta, C., Liu, M., and Borkowski, A. Safety and immunogenicity of a purified inactivated Zika virus vaccine (PIZV) candidate in healthy adults; A randomised, observer-blind phase 1 clinical trial. Lancet Infect. Dis., in press."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30085-2","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a Zika purified inactivated virus vaccine given via standard, accelerated, or shortened schedules: A single-centre, double-blind, sequential-group, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial","volume":"20","author":"Stephenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33106-9","article-title":"Preliminary aggregate safety and immunogenicity results from three trials of a purified inactivated Zika virus vaccine candidate: Phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials","volume":"391","author":"Modjarrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33105-7","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of two Zika virus DNA vaccine candidates in healthy adults: Randomised, open-label, phase 1 clinical trials","volume":"391","author":"Gaudinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S300","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx163.693","article-title":"ZIKA-001: Safety and Immunogenicity of an Engineered DNA Vaccine Against ZIKA virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Tebas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.017","article-title":"Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection","volume":"168","author":"Richner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Moderna, T.X. (2020, September 10). Moderna Highlights Opportunity of mRNA Vaccines at Its First Vaccines Day. Available online: https:\/\/investors.modernatx.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/moderna-highlights-opportunity-mrna-vaccines-its-first-vaccines."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annamalai, A.S., Pattnaik, A., Sahoo, B.R., Muthukrishnan, E., Natarajan, S.K., Steffen, D., Vu, H.L.X., Delhon, G., Osorio, F.A., and Petro, T.M. (2017). Zika Virus Encoding Nonglycosylated Envelope Protein Is Attenuated and Defective in Neuroinvasion. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01348-17"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annamalai, A.S., Pattnaik, A., Sahoo, B.R., Guinn, Z.P., Bullard, B.L., Weaver, E.A., Steffen, D., Natarajan, S.K., Petro, T.M., and Pattnaik, A.K. (2019). An Attenuated Zika Virus Encoding Non-Glycosylated Envelope (E) and Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) Confers Complete Protection against Lethal Challenge in a Mouse Model. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030112"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.09.008","article-title":"A Single-Dose Live-Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccine with Controlled Infection Rounds that Protects against Vertical Transmission","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02975-w","article-title":"Development of a chimeric Zika vaccine using a licensed live-attenuated flavivirus vaccine as backbone","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00737-8","article-title":"A single-dose live-attenuated vaccine prevents Zika virus pregnancy transmission and testis damage","volume":"8","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4322","article-title":"A live-attenuated Zika virus vaccine candidate induces sterilizing immunity in mouse models","volume":"23","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00fcrnberger, C., Bodmer, B.S., Fiedler, A.H., Gabriel, G., and M\u00fchlebach, M.D. (2018). A Measles Virus-Based Vaccine Candidate Mediates Protection against Zika Virus in an Allogeneic Mouse Pregnancy. Model. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01485-18"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04859-5","article-title":"Rational Zika vaccine design via the modulation of antigen membrane anchors in chimpanzee adenoviral vectors","volume":"9","author":"Abbink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, F., Van Der Fits, L., Abbink, P., Larocca, R.A., Van Huizen, E., Saeland, E., Verhagen, J., Peterson, R., Tolboom, J., and Kaufmann, B. (2018). Adenoviral vector type 26 encoding Zika virus (ZIKV) M-Env antigen induces humoral and cellular immune responses and protects mice and nonhuman primates against ZIKV challenge. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202820"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.12.040","article-title":"Demonstrating vaccine effectiveness during a waning epidemic: A WHO\/NIH meeting report on approaches to development and licensure of Zika vaccine candidates","volume":"37","author":"Vannice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6836","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans","volume":"358","author":"Katzelnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/12\/1371\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1760179182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/12\/1371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v12121371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12121371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}}}