{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:52:54Z","timestamp":1765608774273,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1092852","GNT117907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1092852","GNT117907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes over time in HIV-1 subtype diversity within a population reflect changes in factors influencing the development of local epidemics. Here we report on the genetic diversity of 2364 reverse transcriptase sequences from people living with HIV-1 in New South Wales (NSW) notified between 2004 and 2018. These data represent &gt;70% of all new HIV-1 notifications in the state over this period. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify subtype-specific transmission clusters. Subtype B and non-B infections differed across all demographics analysed (p &lt; 0.001). We found a strong positive association for infections among females, individuals not born in Australia or reporting heterosexual transmission being of non-B origin. Further, we found an overall increase in non-B infections among men who have sex with men from 50 to 79% in the last 10 years. However, we also found differences between non-B subtypes; heterosexual transmission was positively associated with subtype C only. In addition, the majority of subtype B infections were associated with clusters, while the majority of non-B infections were singletons. However, we found seven non-B clusters (\u22655 sequences) indicative of local ongoing transmission. In conclusion, we present how the HIV-1 epidemic has changed over time in NSW, becoming more heterogeneous with distinct subtype-specific demographic associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T12:24:39Z","timestamp":1607343879000},"page":"1402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Increased HIV Subtype Diversity Reflecting Demographic Changes in the HIV Epidemic in New South Wales, Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8749-4095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Giallonardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angie","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2678-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Keen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansari","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Reference Laboratory, Sydney 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New South Wales Health Pathology-RPA, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Selvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection NSW, Sydney 2059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection NSW, Sydney 2059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Positive Life New South Wales, Sydney 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Council of NSW (ACON), Sydney 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney 2059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New South Wales Health Pathology-RPA, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New South Wales Health Pathology-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bavinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Grulich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the NSW HIV Prevention Partnership Project","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000534","article-title":"HIV subtype diversity worldwide","volume":"14","author":"Bbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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