{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T23:13:04Z","timestamp":1761174784221,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B-1543386-2018-19-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-1543386-2018-19-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) application is the most widely used method in removing nonstructural proteins (NSPs) for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine production, some NSPs remaining in the antigen could elicit antibodies against these proteins after repeated vaccinations in livestock. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to purify the FMD virus (FMDV) via affinity chromatography using a heparin ligand to remove most proteins, including NSPs. Chromatography showed an intact virus (146S) particle recovery of 70% or more for three different strains of serotype O FMDV (two locally isolated strains and one genetically modified strain). The experimental vaccine made with antigens eluted via heparin affinity chromatography elicited virus-neutralizing antibodies against homologous viruses but did not induce antibodies against NSPs even after five immunizations in goats; this indicated that the NSPs were effectively removed from the vaccine antigen. This method can then be used to produce a higher-quality vaccine compared with PEG application in terms of the purity of the FMD vaccine. Therefore, this result would be an important groundwork for advanced FMD vaccine manufacturing in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T12:24:39Z","timestamp":1607343879000},"page":"1405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Application of Heparin Affinity Chromatography to Produce a Differential Vaccine without Eliciting Antibodies against the Nonstructural Proteins of the Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sun Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"},{"name":"Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"},{"name":"Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Joon","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choi-Kyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013","article-title":"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease\u2014What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?","volume":"112","author":"Rushton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. 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