{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:17:07Z","timestamp":1788236227201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001744","name":"International Science and Technology Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A-2140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-2140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001744","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-typhoidal Salmonella present a major threat to animal and human health as food-borne infectious agents. We characterized 91 bacterial isolates from Armenia and Georgia in detail, using a suite of assays including conventional microbiological methods, determining antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, matrix assisted laser desorption\/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, serotyping (using the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme) and genotyping (repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR)). No less than 61.5% of the isolates were shown to be multidrug-resistant. A new antimicrobial treatment strategy is urgently needed. Phage therapy, the therapeutic use of (bacterio-) phages, the bacterial viruses, to treat bacterial infections, is increasingly put forward as an additional tool for combatting antibiotic resistant infections. Therefore, we used this representative set of well-characterized Salmonella isolates to analyze the therapeutic potential of eleven single phages and selected phage cocktails from the bacteriophage collection of the Eliava Institute (Georgia). All isolates were shown to be susceptible to at least one of the tested phage clones or their combinations. In addition, genome sequencing of these phages revealed them as members of existing phage genera (Felixounavirus, Seunavirus, Viunavirus and Tequintavirus) and did not show genome-based counter indications towards their applicability against non-typhoidal Salmonella in a phage therapy or in an agro-food setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T08:59:34Z","timestamp":1607590774000},"page":"1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Characterization of Salmonella Isolates from Various Geographical Regions of the Caucasus and Their Susceptibility to Bacteriophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Khatuna","family":"Makalatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elene","family":"Kakabadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2185-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Wagemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Grdzelishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nata","family":"Bakuradze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Natroshvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Macharashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases and AIDS Center, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahit","family":"Sedrakyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Arakelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanna","family":"Ktsoyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalina","family":"Zakharyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaruhi","family":"Gevorgyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armine","family":"Mnatsakanyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiological Laboratory, Nork Infectious Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0047, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Tishkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Tajik Research Institute of Preventive Medicine, 734025 Dushanbe, Tajikistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Lood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Vandenheuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Pirnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Chanishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2566-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maia","family":"Merabishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, October 10). 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