{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:26:42Z","timestamp":1791444402959,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0108113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0108113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fk0108166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fk0108166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20nk0101612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20nk0101612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20nk0101614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20nk0101614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20nk0101603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20nk0101603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fm0108006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fm0108006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)-based tests are widely used to diagnose coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As a result that these tests cannot be done in local clinics where RT-qPCR testing capability is lacking, rapid antigen tests (RATs) for COVID-19 based on lateral flow immunoassays are used for rapid diagnosis. However, their sensitivity compared with each other and with RT-qPCR and infectious virus isolation has not been examined. Here, we compared the sensitivity among four RATs by using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) isolates and several types of COVID-19 patient specimens and compared their sensitivity with that of RT-qPCR and infectious virus isolation. Although the RATs read the samples containing large amounts of virus as positive, even the most sensitive RAT read the samples containing small amounts of virus as negative. Moreover, all RATs tested failed to detect viral antigens in several specimens from which the virus was isolated. The current RATs will likely miss some COVID-19 patients who are shedding infectious SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T20:18:22Z","timestamp":1607631502000},"page":"1420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":199,"title":["Comparison of Rapid Antigen Tests for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7768-5157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiya","family":"Yamayoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7261-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Sakai-Tagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3122-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiko","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Akasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medical Center, Fujisawa City Hospital, Kanagawa 251-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Nakachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidefumi","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo 190-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eisuke","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Ikeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rie","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo 190-8531, 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Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Mitsuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Omagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yotsuyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoko","family":"Iwatsuki-Horimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kawaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Special Pathogens, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8259","article-title":"Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"323","author":"Sethuraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01438-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01438-20","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Self-Collected Saliva by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), Direct RT-qPCR, Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, and a Rapid Antigen Test to Diagnose COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104500","article-title":"Evaluation of rapid antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus","volume":"129","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00977-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00977-20","article-title":"Evaluation of a Rapid Diagnostic Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen in Nasopharyngeal Swabs","volume":"58","author":"Cuffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.098","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel antigen-based rapid detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples","volume":"99","author":"Porte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104455","article-title":"Low performance of rapid antigen detection test as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis","volume":"129","author":"Scohy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00225","article-title":"Development and Potential Usefulness of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip Diagnostic Assay in a Pandemic Context","volume":"7","author":"Mertens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104472","article-title":"Implementation of rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigenic testing in a laboratory without access to molecular methods: Experiences of a general hospital","volume":"129","author":"Blairon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002589117","article-title":"Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells","volume":"117","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009799117","article-title":"Syrian hamsters as a small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasure development","volume":"117","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2020.061","article-title":"Development of Genetic Diagnostic Methods for Detection for Novel Coronavirus 2019(nCoV-2019) in Japan","volume":"73","author":"Shirato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/12\/1420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:43:33Z","timestamp":1760179413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/12\/1420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v12121420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12121420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]}}}