{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:07:47Z","timestamp":1782976067476,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recercaixa","award":["ACUP-00300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACUP-00300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2011-30461-C02-01\/ALI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2011-30461-C02-01\/ALI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy","award":["AGL2014-55081-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2014-55081-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute infectious gastroenteritis is an important illness worldwide, especially on children, with viruses accounting for approximately 70% of the acute cases. A high number of these cases have an unknown etiological agent and the rise of next generation sequencing technologies has opened new opportunities for viral pathogen detection and discovery. Viral metagenomics in routine clinical settings has the potential to identify unexpected or novel variants of viral pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. In this study, 124 samples from acute gastroenteritis patients from 2012\u20132014 previously tested negative for common gastroenteritis pathogens were pooled by age and analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) to elucidate unidentified viral infections. The most abundant sequences detected potentially associated to acute gastroenteritis were from Astroviridae and Caliciviridae families, with the detection of norovirus GIV and sapoviruses. Lower number of contigs associated to rotaviruses were detected. As expected, other viruses that may be associated to gastroenteritis but also produce persistent infections in the gut were identified including several Picornaviridae members (EV, parechoviruses, cardioviruses) and adenoviruses. According to the sequencing data, astroviruses, sapoviruses and NoV GIV should be added to the list of viral pathogens screened in routine clinical analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1607902776000},"page":"1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Unveiling Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis Using a Metagenomics Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xavier","family":"Fernandez-Cassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona,  08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7549-9614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Puchol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona,  08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4275-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelle","family":"Silva-Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona,  08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Cell Culture, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, GO 74605-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, Microbiology Service, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Bartolome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, Microbiology Service, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bofill-Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona,  08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1097-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosina","family":"Girones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona,  08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31128-0","article-title":"Viral gastroenteritis","volume":"392","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, S., Van Hal, S., Andresen, D., McLaws, M.L., Stark, D., Harkness, J., and Ellis, J. (2013). Gastrointestinal pathogen distribution in symptomatic children in Sydney, Australia. J. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal., 3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2012.11.004"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000618","article-title":"Enteric pathogens associated with gastroenteritis among children under 5 years in sub-saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-Analysis","volume":"148","author":"Oppong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02181-09","article-title":"Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, and astrovirus infections and coinfections among hospitalized children in Northern France","volume":"48","author":"Tran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit254","article-title":"Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008\u20132009","volume":"208","author":"Chhabra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-86","article-title":"Klassevirus 1, a previously undescribed member of the family Picornaviridae, is globally widespread","volume":"6","author":"Holtz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.05.013","article-title":"Taking gastro-surveillance into the 21st century","volume":"117","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1548-1557.2003","article-title":"Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR","volume":"41","author":"Kageyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Cassi, X., Rusi\u00f1ol, M., and Mart\u00ednez-Puchol, S. (2018). Viral Concentration and Amplification from Human Serum Samples Prior to Application of Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8682-8_13"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01491-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01491-15","article-title":"Virome capture sequencing enables sensitive viral diagnosis and comprehensive virome analysis","volume":"6","author":"Briese","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136604","article-title":"Characterisation of the sewage virome: Comparison of NGS tools and occurrence of significant pathogens","volume":"713","author":"Timoneda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty695","article-title":"Genome Detective: An automated system for virus identification from high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"35","author":"Vilsker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D30","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1216","article-title":"GenBank","volume":"43","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","article-title":"Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data","volume":"28","author":"Kearse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001318","article-title":"Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes","volume":"100","author":"Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.03.006","article-title":"An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses","volume":"51","author":"Kroneman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/12.4.357","article-title":"Treeview: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers","volume":"12","author":"Page","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes, P., Matthijnssens, J., Rahman, M., and Van Ranst, M. (2009). RotaC: A web-based tool for the complete genome classification of group A rotaviruses. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-238"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.160357","article-title":"Recombinant enterovirus A71 subgenogroup C1 strains, Germany, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Obermeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donato, C., and Vijaykrishna, D. (2017). The broad host range and genetic diversity of mammalian and avian astroviruses. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9050102"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.08.023","article-title":"Real-time RT-PCR for norovirus screening in shellfish","volume":"123","author":"Loisy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02112-13","article-title":"Environmental detection of genogroup I, II, and IV noroviruses by using a generic real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay","volume":"79","author":"Miura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.010","article-title":"Chronic norovirus infection among solid organ recipients in a tertiary care hospital, the Netherlands, 2006\u20132014","volume":"23","author":"Fraaij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","volume":"12","author":"Buchfink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.120833","article-title":"Epidemiology of foodborne norovirus outbreaks, United States, 2001\u20132008","volume":"18","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02202-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02202-19","article-title":"Population genomics of gii.4 noroviruses reveal complex diversification and new antigenic sites involved in the emergence of pandemic strains","volume":"10","author":"Tohma","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30059-8","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of norovirus, 2005\u20132016: An epidemiological analysis of data collected from the NoroNet network","volume":"18","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.48","article-title":"Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world","volume":"14","author":"Koopmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04599-2","article-title":"An increasing prevalence of non-GII.4 norovirus genotypes in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Huzhou, China, 2014\u20132018","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02680-13","article-title":"Genotypic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the united states, 2009 to 2013","volume":"52","author":"Vega","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lun, J.H., Hewitt, J., Yan, G.J.H., Tuipulotu, D.E., Rawlinson, W., and White, P. (2018). Recombinant GII.P16\/GII.4 sydney 2012 was the dominant norovirus identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100548"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.03.013","article-title":"Molecular and clinical epidemiology of norovirus outbreaks in Spain during the emergence of GII.4 2012 variant","volume":"60","author":"Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.11.011","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: Global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants","volume":"56","author":"Trainor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-168","article-title":"Novel norovirus recombinants detected in South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Mans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.10.029","article-title":"Transmission of viruses through shellfish: When specific ligands come into play","volume":"2","author":"Atmar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01729-15","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of oyster-related human noroviruses and their global genetic diversity and temporal-geographical distribution from 1983 to 2014","volume":"81","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09396-y","article-title":"Norovirus Monitoring in Oysters Using Two Different Extraction Methods","volume":"11","author":"Tunyakittaveeward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.04.006","article-title":"Evaluation of RIDA \u00ae GENE norovirus GI\/GII real time RT-PCR using stool specimens collected from children and adults with acute gastroenteritis","volume":"104","author":"Kanwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.017","article-title":"Evaluation of the RIDAGENE real-time PCR assay for the detection of GI and GII norovirus","volume":"79","author":"Dunbar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2595-2601.2000","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and genotyping of \u201cNorwalk-like viruses\u201d by oligonucleotide array in a reverse line blot hybridization format","volume":"38","author":"Koopmans","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0241-4","article-title":"Detection of genogroup IV noroviruses in environmental and clinical samples and partial sequencing through rapid amplification of cDNA ends","volume":"153","author":"Pourshaban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.002","article-title":"Detection of human norovirus GIV.1 in China: A case report","volume":"61","author":"Ao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-013-9121-5","article-title":"GIV Noroviruses in Wastewaters and in Stool Specimens from Hospitalized Patients","volume":"5","author":"Muscillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-017-9308-2","article-title":"Surveillance of Noroviruses in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: Occurrence of New GIV Genotype in Clinical and Wastewater Samples","volume":"10","author":"Fioretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular and evolutionary characterization of norovirus gii.17 in the northern region of brazil","volume":"19","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.05.017","article-title":"Genome characteristics and molecular evolution of the human sapovirus variant GII.8","volume":"73","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela, M.F., Rivadulla, E., Lema, A., and Romalde, J.L. (2019). Human sapovirus among outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Spain: A one-year study. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020144"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, P., Pietsch, C., and Liebert, U.G. (2019). Genetic diversity of sapoviruses among inpatients in germany, 2008\u22122018. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080726"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1161-2","article-title":"Human sapovirus classification based on complete capsid nucleotide sequences","volume":"157","author":"Oka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0401-0","article-title":"Genetic diversity of sapovirus in fecal specimens from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Pakistan","volume":"150","author":"Phan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.67.411","article-title":"A gastroenteritis outbreak attributed to sapovirus genogroup V in Yokohama, Japan","volume":"67","author":"Usuku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01553-14","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01553-14","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of a novel GV.2 sapovirus strain, NGY-1, detected from a suspected foodborne gastroenteritis outbreak","volume":"3","author":"Shibata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hergens, M., Nederby \u00d6hd, J., Alm, E., Askling, H.H., Helgesson, S., Insulander, M., Lagerqvist, N., Svenungsson, B., Tihane, M., and Tolfvenstam, T. (2017). Investigation of a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis in a school canteen revealed a variant of sapovirus genogroup V not detected by standard PCR, Sollentuna, Sweden, 2016. Eurosurveillance, 22.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.22.30543"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2012.55.3.77","article-title":"Epidemiology of astrovirus infection in children","volume":"55","author":"Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.151807","article-title":"Astrovirus MLB2, a New Gastroenteric Virus Associated with Meningitis and Disseminated Infection","volume":"22","author":"Cordey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.014449-0","article-title":"Multiple novel astrovirus species in human stool","volume":"90","author":"Kapoor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-14","article-title":"Human Astroviruses","volume":"27","author":"Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.07.006","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of astrovirus type 1 in Bel\u00e9m, Brazil, as an agent of infantile gastroenteritis, over a period of 18 years (1982\u20132000): Identification of two possible new lineages","volume":"129","author":"Gabbay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.040","article-title":"Comparison of novel MLB-clade, VA-clade and classic human astroviruses highlights constrained evolution of the classic human astrovirus nonstructural genes","volume":"436","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, C.T., Bauer, I.K., Antonio, M., Adeyemi, M., Saha, D., Oundo, J.O., Ochieng, J.B., Omore, R., Stine, O.C., and Wang, D. (2015). Prevalence of classic, MLB-clade and VA-clade Astroviruses in Kenya and the Gambia Emerging viruses. Virol. J., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0299-z"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.07.004","article-title":"Novel human astroviruses: Novel human diseases?","volume":"82","author":"Vu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01812","article-title":"Molecular evolution of human adenoviruses","volume":"3","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.09.012","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of human adenovirus 84, a highly recombinant new Human mastadenovirus D type with a unique fiber gene","volume":"242","author":"Kajon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000968","article-title":"Three novel, multiple recombinant types of species of human mastadenovirus D (HAdV-D 73, 74 & 75) isolated from diarrhoeal faeces of immunocompromised patients","volume":"98","author":"Hage","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.11.005","article-title":"An outbreak of adenovirus serotype 41 infection in infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Maizuru City, Japan","volume":"7","author":"Shimizu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705389","article-title":"Description of an adenovirus A31 outbreak in a paediatric haematology unit","volume":"38","author":"Neven","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., Calcedo, R., Medina-Jaszek, A., Keough, M., Peng, H., and Wilson, J.M. (2011). Adenoviruses in lymphocytes of the human gastro-intestinal tract. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024859"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosulin, K. (2019). Intestinal HAdV Infection: Tissue Specificity, Persistence, and Implications for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090804"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"64","article-title":"VP7 and VP8* genetic characterization of group A rotavirus genotype G12P[8]: Emergence and spreading in the Eastern Brazilian coast in 2014","volume":"89","author":"Fumian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.111","article-title":"Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: Insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs","volume":"30","author":"Duque","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02257-07","article-title":"Full Genome-Based Classification of Rotaviruses Reveals a Common Origin between Human Wa-Like and Porcine Rotavirus Strains and Human DS-1-Like and Bovine Rotavirus Strains","volume":"82","author":"Matthijnssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Sales, M., Mart\u00ednez-Puchol, S., Gonzales-Gustavson, E., Hundesa, A., and Giron\u00e8s, R. (2020). High prevalence of rotavirus A in raw sewage samples from northeast Spain. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030318"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"110","article-title":"Human rotavirus a detection: Comparison of enzymatic immunoassay and rapid chromatographic test with two quantitative RT-PCR assays","volume":"63","author":"Sauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmq101","article-title":"Comparison of the rapid methods for screening of group a rotavirus in stool samples","volume":"57","author":"Khamrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"e000315","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing of dsRNA is greatly improved by treatment with the inexpensive denaturing reagent DMSO","volume":"5","author":"Wilcox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000010","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000010","article-title":"Detection of different enteric viruses in children with diarrheal disease: Evidence of the high frequency of mixed infections","volume":"1","author":"Tatte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2977-6","article-title":"Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2016)","volume":"161","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Enteroviruses: Classification, diseases they cause, and approaches to development of antiviral drugs","volume":"82","author":"Nikonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.035006-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological study of human rhinovirus species A, B and C from patients with acute respiratory illnesses in Japan","volume":"61","author":"Arakawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy232","article-title":"Heterotypic infection and spread of rhinovirus a, b, and c among childcare attendees","volume":"218","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daleno, C., Piralla, A., Scala, A., Senatore, L., Principi, N., and Esposito, S. (2013). Phylogenetic analysis of human rhinovirus isolates collected from otherwise healthy children with community-acquired pneumonia during five successive years. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080614"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00047-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00047-17","article-title":"Human parechovirus: An increasingly recognized cause of sepsis-like illness in young infants","volume":"31","author":"Olijve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00174-07","article-title":"Discovery of a novel human picornavirus in a stool sample from a pediatric patient presenting with fever of unknown origin","volume":"45","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.12.003","article-title":"Analysis of Aichi virus and Saffold virus association with pediatric acute gastroenteritis","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandesande, H., Edman, K., Rondahl, E., Falkeborn, T., Serrander, L., and Lindberg, A.M. (2020). Saffold virus infection in elderly people with acute gastroenteritis in Sweden. J. Med Virol.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26452"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"102","article-title":"Evidence of Saffold virus circulation in Italy provided through environmental surveillance","volume":"70","author":"Mancini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.249","article-title":"Metagenomics for the study of viruses in urban sewage as a tool for public health surveillance","volume":"618","author":"Timoneda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.677","article-title":"Kobuviruses\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"21","author":"Reuter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Med Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02140-07","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of Aichi virus strains in stool samples from community and hospitalized patients","volume":"46","author":"Lorrot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivadulla, E., and Romalde, J.L. (2020). A Comprehensive Review on Human Aichi Virus. Virol. Sin., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00222-5"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-014-0200-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of human and animal kobuviruses","volume":"25","author":"Khamrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.01.006","article-title":"Extensive conservation of prokaryotic ribosomal binding sites in known and novel picobirnaviruses","volume":"516","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.046","article-title":"Human Bocavirus genotypes 1 and 2 detected in younger Amazonian children with acute gastroenteritis or respiratory infections, respectively","volume":"95","author":"Olivares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9716","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9716-2","article-title":"TTV DNA plasma load and its association with age, gender, and HCMV IgG serostatus in healthy adults","volume":"36","author":"Haloschan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.04.007","article-title":"Torquetenovirus: The human virome from bench to bedside","volume":"22","author":"Focosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001082","article-title":"Prolonged Shedding of Human Parechovirus in Feces of Young Children after Symptomatic Infection","volume":"35","author":"Wildenbeest","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25634","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human bocavirus infection in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in South Africa, 2009\u20132015","volume":"92","author":"Netshikweta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De, R., Liu, L., Qian, Y., Zhu, R., Deng, J., Wang, F., Sun, Y., Dong, H., Jia, L., and Zhao, L. (2017). Risk of acute gastroenteritis associated with human bocavirus infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184833"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paskey, A.C., Frey, K.G., Schroth, G., Gross, S., Hamilton, T., and Bishop-Lilly, K.A. (2019). Enrichment post-library preparation enhances the sensitivity of high-throughput sequencing-based detection and characterization of viruses from complex samples. BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5543-2"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-45082016RB3582","article-title":"Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis: Post-vaccine era, genotypes and zoonotic transmission","volume":"14","author":"Luchs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08490","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08490","article-title":"Viral dark matter and virus\u2013host interactions resolved from publicly available microbial genomes","volume":"4","author":"Roux","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.10.009","article-title":"Whole-Virome Analysis Sheds Light on Viral Dark Matter in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"26","author":"Clooney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/12\/1432\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:30Z","timestamp":1760179470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/12\/1432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v12121432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12121432","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]}}}