{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:53:49Z","timestamp":1787288029411,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study was funded by the Research and Technology Deputy of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences","award":["A-10-1577-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-10-1577-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools, we studied the vector-host interactions and the molecular epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV) in western Iran. Mosquitoes were collected during 2017 and 2018. DNA typing assays were used to study vector-host interactions. Mosquitoes were screened by RT-PCR for the genomes of five virus families. WNV-positive samples were fully sequenced and evolutionary tree and molecular architecture were constructed by Geneious software and SWISS-MODEL workspace, respectively. A total of 5028 mosquito specimens were collected and identified. The most prevalent species was Culex (Cx.) pipiens complex (57.3%). Analysis of the blood-feeding preferences of blood-fed mosquitoes revealed six mammalian and one bird species as hosts. One mosquito pool containing non-blood-fed Cx. theileri and one blood-fed Culex pipiens pipiens (Cpp.) biotype pipiens were positive for WNV. A phylogram indicated that the obtained WNV sequences belonged to lineage 2, subclade 2 g. Several amino acid substitutions suspected as virulence markers were observed in the Iranian WNV strains. The three-dimensional structural homology model of the E-protein identified hot spot domains known to facilitate virus invasion and neurotropism. The recent detection of WNV lineage 2 in mosquitoes from several regions of Iran in consecutive years suggests that the virus is established in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T09:21:15Z","timestamp":1608110475000},"page":"1449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Autochthonous Transmission of West Nile Virus by a New Vector in Iran, Vector-Host Interaction Modeling and Virulence Gene Determinants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nariman","family":"Shahhosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d\u2019Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hassan","family":"Moosa-Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology &amp; Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556446, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Sedaghat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology &amp; Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556446, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d\u2019Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V4G2, Canada"},{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadegh","family":"Chinikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Tehran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran"},{"name":"Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Hajivand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology &amp; Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556446, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Mokhayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Center, Department of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Kayedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center and Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6814993165, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv081","article-title":"Crimean\u2013congo hemorrhagic fever virus clade iv (asia 1) in ticks of western iran","volume":"52","author":"Kayedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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