{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:32:02Z","timestamp":1790641922532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006280","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2016-78160-C2-1-R, PID2019-107616RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-78160-C2-1-R, PID2019-107616RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>African swine fever (ASF) has become the major threat for the global swine industry. Furthermore, the epidemiological situation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in some endemic regions of Sub-Saharan Africa is worse than ever, with multiple virus strains and genotypes currently circulating in a given area. Despite the recent advances on ASF vaccine development, there are no commercial vaccines yet, and most of the promising vaccine prototypes available today have been specifically designed to fight the genotype II strains currently circulating in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Previous results from our laboratory have demonstrated the ability of BA71\u2206CD2, a recombinant LAV lacking CD2v, to confer protection against homologous (BA71) and heterologous genotype I (E75) and genotype II (Georgia2007\/01) ASFV strains, both belonging to same clade (clade C). Here, we extend these results using BA71\u2206CD2 as a tool trying to understand ASFV cross-protection, using phylogenetically distant ASFV strains. We first observed that five out of six (83.3%) of the pigs immunized once with 106 PFU of BA71\u2206CD2 survived the tick-bite challenge using Ornithodoros sp. soft ticks naturally infected with RSA\/11\/2017 strain (genotype XIX, clade D). Second, only two out of six (33.3%) survived the challenge with Ken06.Bus (genotype IX, clade A), which is phylogenetically more distant to BA71\u2206CD2 than the RSA\/11\/2017 strain. On the other hand, homologous prime-boosting with BA71\u2206CD2 only improved the survival rate to 50% after Ken06.Bus challenge, all suffering mild ASF-compatible clinical signs, while 100% of the pigs immunized with BA71\u2206CD2 and boosted with the parental BA71 virulent strain survived the lethal challenge with Ken06.Bus, without almost no clinical signs of the disease. Our results confirm that cross-protection is a multifactorial phenomenon that not only depends on sequence similarity. We believe that understanding this complex phenomenon will be useful for designing future vaccines for ASF-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T20:42:01Z","timestamp":1608583321000},"page":"1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Viruses as Ideal Tools to Dissect the Mechanisms Involved in Cross-Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-330X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3048-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanita","family":"van Heerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laia","family":"Bosch-Cam\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Accensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Sanitat i d\u2019Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jesus","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"L\u00f3pez-Monteagudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Argilaguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmina","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Pina-Pedrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas and Universidad Aut\u00f2noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0404-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Salt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/2211071a0","article-title":"African swine fever virus in ticks (Ornithodoros moubata, murray) collected from animal burrows in Tanzania","volume":"221","author":"Plowright","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1462","article-title":"African swine fever: Update on Eastern, Central and Southern Africa","volume":"66","author":"Mfumu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. 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