{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:21:30Z","timestamp":1791451290279,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDS - APQ-01574-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDS - APQ-01574-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ-04039-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-04039-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Zoonotic Poxviruses"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Zoonotic Poxviruses"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global emergence of zoonotic viruses, including poxviruses, poses one of the greatest threats to human and animal health. Forty years after the eradication of smallpox, emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses continue to infect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of poxviruses in a broad range of hosts worldwide raises concerns regarding the possibility of outbreaks or viral dissemination to new geographical regions. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological understanding of zoonotic orthopoxviruses while focusing on orthopoxviruses with epidemic potential, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1609359221000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Natalia Ingrid Oliveira","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline Silva","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2721-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erna Geessien","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giliane de Souza","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00e2nia Paiva","family":"Drumond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, October 24). Zoonoses. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/zoonoses\/en\/#:~:text=Azoonosisisanydisease,zoonoticinfectionsinnature."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolhouse, M.E.J., and Gowtage-Sequeria, S. (2005). Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050997"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bird, B.H., and Mazet, J.A.K. (2018). Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-030117-014628"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410701647560","article-title":"Ecological origins of novel human pathogens","volume":"33","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, L.H., Latham, S.M., and Woolhouse, M.E.J. (2001). Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00536.x","article-title":"Adventures with poxviruses of vertebrates","volume":"24","author":"Fenner","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2126","article-title":"Poxviridae: The viruses and their replication","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Fields","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fields Virology"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Gibbs, A. (1988). The Poxviruses. Portraits of Viruses\u2014A History of Virology, Karger."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12536","article-title":"The rediscovery of smallpox","volume":"20","author":"Biagini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"281","article-title":"Smallpox eradication: Progress and problems","volume":"41","author":"Ladnyi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Versalovic, J., Carroll, K., Funke, G., Jorgensen, J., Landry, M., and Warnock, D. (2011). Poxviruses. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, American Society of Microbiology. [10th ed.].","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816728"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.01.016","article-title":"Poxviruses: Past, present and future","volume":"117","author":"Lefkowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00194-8","article-title":"An overview on the use of a viral pathogen as a bioterrorism agent: Why smallpox?","volume":"57","author":"Mahy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19565-0","article-title":"Poxvirus genomes: A phylogenetic analysis","volume":"85","author":"Gubser","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.026","article-title":"Zoonotic poxviruses","volume":"140","author":"Essbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shchelkunov, S.N. (2013). An Increasing Danger of Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus Infections. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003756"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2070","article-title":"Human and Dromedary Camel Infection","volume":"17","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407647","article-title":"Human Infection with a Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus in the Country of Georgia","volume":"372","author":"Vora","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doty, J.B., Maghlakelidze, G., Sikharulidze, I., Tu, S.-L., Morgan, C.N., Mauldin, M.R., Parkadze, O., Kartskhia, N., Turmanidze, M., and Matheny, A.M. (2019). Isolation and Characterization of Akhmeta Virus from Wild-Caught Rodents (Apodemus spp.) in Georgia. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00966-19"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.11.012","article-title":"Understanding orthopoxvirus host range and evolution: From the enigmatic to the usual suspects","volume":"28","author":"Reynolds","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059026","article-title":"Population biology of multihost pathogens","volume":"292","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parrish, C.R., Holmes, E.C., Morens, D.M., Park, E.-C., Burke, D.S., Calisher, C.H., Laughlin, C.A., Saif, L.J., and Daszak, P. (2008). Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00004-08"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)00003-1","article-title":"Chapter 3 Poxvirus Host Range Genes","volume":"71","author":"Werden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4068-4070.2003","article-title":"Smallpox: Residual antibody after vaccination","volume":"41","author":"Gallwitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.037","article-title":"Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: The need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine","volume":"29","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1404.071044","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of monkeypox infection","volume":"14","author":"Dubois","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.181222","article-title":"Epidemiologic and ecologic investigations of monkeypox, Likouala Department, Republic of the Congo, 2017","volume":"25","author":"Doshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1086\/498115","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease","volume":"41","author":"Huhn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx168","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx168","article-title":"A nosocomial outbreak of human monkeypox in the Central African Republic","volume":"4","author":"Nakoune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 25). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 48. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/259557\/OEW482504122017.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 25). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 52. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/259794\/OEW52-2329122017.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 26). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 01. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/330353\/OEW01-05012020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 26). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 37. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/334303\/OEW37-0713092020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17836-2","article-title":"Cowpox and a cat","volume":"365","author":"Coras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.090235","article-title":"Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France","volume":"15","author":"Ninove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816002922","article-title":"Cowpox in a human, Russia, 2015","volume":"145","author":"Popova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy388","article-title":"Skin Lesions in a Child after Contact with a Domestic Rat","volume":"68","author":"Nardin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"19319","article-title":"A case of cowpox virus infection in the UK occurring in a domestic cat and transmitted to the adult male owner","volume":"19319","author":"Haddadeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020089","article-title":"Rat-to-human transmission of cowpox infection","volume":"8","author":"Wolfs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1912.130256","article-title":"Concomitant human infections with 2 cowpox virus strains in related cases, France, 2011","volume":"19","author":"Ducournau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1227","article-title":"The Munich outbreak of cutaneous cowpox infection: Transmission by infected pet rats","volume":"92","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, J.S., Figueiredo, P.d.O., Costa, G.B., De Assis, F.L., Drumond, B.P., Da Fonseca, F.G., Nogueira, M.L., Kroon, E.G., and de Souza Trindade, G. (2017). Vaccinia virus natural infections in Brazil: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110340"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"439","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic buffalopox infection: A severe outbreak in Kolhapur (Maharashtra), India","volume":"46","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252307001259","article-title":"Buffalopox: An emerging and re-emerging zoonosis","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Heal. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.03.008","article-title":"Buffalopox outbreak in humans and animals in Western Maharashtra, India","volume":"100","author":"Gurav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.01.007","article-title":"Natural human infections with Vaccinia virus during bovine vaccinia outbreaks","volume":"44","author":"Travassos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652004000600004","article-title":"Human vaccinia-like virus outbreaks in Sao Paulo and Goias States, Brazil: Virus detection, isolation and identification","volume":"46","author":"Kisielius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.140351","article-title":"Outbreak of severe zoonotic vaccinia virus infection, Southeastern Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0369","article-title":"Group 1 vaccinia virus zoonotic outbreak in Maranhao State, Brazil","volume":"89","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"329","article-title":"Cowpox virus infection in pet rat owners: Not always immediately recognized","volume":"106","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.171306","article-title":"Outbreak of Vaccinia Virus Infection from Occupational Exposure, China, 2017","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-012-0068-1","article-title":"Emergence and reemergence of vaccinia-like viruses: Global scenario and perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.140154","article-title":"Spread of vaccinia virus to cattle herds, Argentina, 2011","volume":"20","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160447","article-title":"Detection of vaccinia virus in dairy cattle serum samples from 2009, Uruguay","volume":"22","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161041","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of zoonotic poxviruses circulating in the Amazon region of Colombia, 2014","volume":"23","author":"Paredes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eder, I., Vollmar, P., Pfeffer, M., Naether, P., Rodloff, A.C., and Meyer, H. (2017). Two distinct clinical courses of human cowpox, Germany, 2015. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120375"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0","article-title":"A tale of two clades: Monkeypox viruses","volume":"86","author":"Likos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","article-title":"Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017\u201318: A clinical and epidemiological report","volume":"19","author":"Aruna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Andersen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.1.17","article-title":"Human monkeypox: An emerging zoonotic disease","volume":"2","author":"Parker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khodakevich, L., Je\u017eek, Z., and Kinzanzka, K. (1986). Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature. Isol. Monkeypox Virus Wild Squirrel Infected Nat., 98\u201399.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90748-8"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283","article-title":"Assessing Monkeypox Virus Prevalence in Small Mammals at the Human\u2014Animal Interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"9","author":"Doty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachtman, L., and Mansfield, K. (2012). Viral diseases of nonhuman primates. Nonhum. Primates Biomed. Res., 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381366-4.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.335","article-title":"Ecology and geography of human monkeypox case occurrences across Africa","volume":"48","author":"Ellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, M.G., Carroll, D.S., Olson, V.A., Hughes, C., Galley, J., Likos, A., Montgomery, J.M., Suu-Ire, R., Kwasi, M.O., and Root, J.J. (2010). A silent enzootic of an orthopoxvirus in Ghana, West Africa: Evidence for multi-species involvement in the absence of widespread human disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0716"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0355-5","article-title":"Using remote sensing to map the risk of human monkeypox virus in the Congo basin","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01794.x","article-title":"An epizootic of monkey pox at Rotterdam Zoo","volume":"6","author":"Peters","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int. Zoo Yearb."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017311","article-title":"Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997","volume":"7","author":"Hutin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"277","article-title":"Smallpox and monkeypox in non-human primates","volume":"39","author":"Arita","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"613","article-title":"Poxviruses isolated from clinically ill and asymptomatically infected monkeys and a chimpanzee","volume":"46","author":"Marennikova","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"355","article-title":"Monkeypox specific antibodies in human and simian sera from the Ivory Coast and Nigeria","volume":"53","author":"Gispen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"13","article-title":"Susceptibility of some rodent species to monkeypox virus, and course of the infection","volume":"53","author":"Marennikova","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-07-171","article-title":"Evaluation of monkeypox virus infection of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) using in vivo bioluminescent imaging","volume":"50","author":"Falendysz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alakunle, E., Moens, U., Nchinda, G., and Okeke, M.I. (2020). Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucker, E.M., Chapman, J., Huzella, L.M., Huggins, J.W., Shamblin, J., Robinson, C.G., and Hensley, L.E. (2015). Susceptibility of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to monkeypox virus: A low dose prospective model for monkeypox and smallpox disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131742"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","article-title":"The Detection of Monkeypox in Humans in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"350","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, September 26). Update: Multistate Outbreak of Monkeypox\u2014Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5227a5.htm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, Y.S., Singh, R.K., and Kuldeep, D. (2020). Monkeypox Virus. Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses\u2014Livestock Diseases and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2651-0"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011720","article-title":"Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: A review of the past six years","volume":"54","author":"Heymann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1997). Human monkeypox in Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire): Preliminary report of October, 1997 investigation. Wkly Epidemiol Rec., 72, 369\u2013372."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001","article-title":"Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention","volume":"33","author":"Petersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0758","article-title":"Short report: Detection of human monkeypox in the Republic of the Congo following intensive community education","volume":"88","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61142-2","article-title":"Maculopapular lesions in the Central African Republic","volume":"378","author":"Berthet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0095","article-title":"Case report: Human monkeypox in the kivus, a conflict region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"93","author":"McCollum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1855","article-title":"Profil \u00e9pidemiologique du monkeypox en RDC, 2010\u20132014","volume":"8","author":"Mwamba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. African Med."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, September 24). About Monkeypox, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/about.html."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-016-0516-z","article-title":"Twelve cases of monkeypox virus outbreak in Bangassou District (Central African Republic) in December 2015","volume":"109","author":"Kalthan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 25). Monkeypox in Central African Republic. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/13-october-2016-monkeypox-caf\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 25). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 35. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/258888\/OEW35-268192017.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 25). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 22. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/325086\/OEW22-270502062019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 25). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 11. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/331451\/OEW11-0915032020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 25). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 21. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/255579\/OEW21-202652017.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 26). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 08. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/260335\/OEW8-1723022018.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 26). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 39. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/275136\/OEW39-2228092018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 26). Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 01. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/278952\/OEW01-29122018-04012019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). Ministry of Health, State of Isreal\u2014Monkeypox Patient Diagnosed, Available online: https:\/\/www.health.gov.il\/English\/News_and_Events\/Spokespersons_Messages\/Pages\/12102018_1.aspx."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Mauldin, M.R., Mccollum, A.M., Nakazawa, Y.J., Mandra, A., Whitehouse, E.R., Davidson, W., Zhao, H., Gao, J., Li, Y., and Doty, J. (2020). Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent. J. Infect. Dis., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.131329","article-title":"Fatal monkeypox in wild-living sooty mangabey, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, 2012","volume":"20","author":"Metzger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.09.001","article-title":"Monkeypox: A review of the history and emergence in the Western hemisphere","volume":"15","author":"Ligon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.757","article-title":"Monkeypox zoonotic associations: Insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state US outbreak","volume":"76","author":"Hutson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"459","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological features of monkeypox patients with an animal or human source of infection","volume":"66","author":"Grab","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.02.010","article-title":"Investigation of an outbreak of monkeypox in an area occupied by armed groups, Central African Republic","volume":"48","author":"Kalthan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"30","article-title":"Biodiversity, Bushmeat and Monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Another viral threat upon larger cities?","volume":"1","author":"Laudisoit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25348","article-title":"A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria","volume":"91","author":"Kabuga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v9050101","article-title":"Cowpox virus: What\u2019s in a name?","volume":"9","author":"Mauldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cowpox: A re-evaluation of the risks of human cowpox based on new epidemiological information","volume":"13","author":"Baxby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Virol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gehring, H., Mahnel, H., and Mayer, H. (1972). Kurze Mitteilungen: Elefantenpocken. Zent. Veterin\u00e4rmedizin Reihe B.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1972.tb00401.x"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-2-212","article-title":"Fatal poxvirus outbreak in a colony of New World Monkeys","volume":"43","author":"Ellerbrok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.051513","article-title":"Cowpox virus transmission from rats to monkeys, the Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Martina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d4005","article-title":"Fatal cowpox virus infection in two squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)","volume":"169","author":"Girling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400070935","article-title":"An outbreak of cowpox in captive cheetahs: Virological and epidemiological studies","volume":"89","author":"Baxby","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/135.3.358","article-title":"Outbreak of pox disease among carnivora (Felidae) and edentata","volume":"135","author":"Marennikova","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92299-8","article-title":"Transmission of cowpox virus infection from domestic cat to man","volume":"325","author":"Willemse","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tryland, M., Sandvik, T., Hansen, H., Haukenes, G., Holtet, L., Bennett, M., Mehl, R., Moens, U., Olsvik, \u00d8., and Traavik, T. (1998). Characteristics of four cowpox virus isolates from Norway and Sweden. APMIS.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01392.x"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.091899","article-title":"Orthopoxvirus DNA in Eurasian Lynx, Sweden","volume":"17","author":"Tryland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, K.C., Bennett, M., and Garrett, D.C. (1999). Skin lesions caused by orthopoxvirus infection in a dog. J. Small Anim. Pract.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03003.x"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002423","article-title":"Cowpox: Reservoir hosts and geographic range","volume":"122","author":"Chantrey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003799","article-title":"A longitudinal study of an endemic disease in its wildlife reservoir: Cowpox and wild rodents","volume":"124","author":"Hazel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.090159","article-title":"Cowpox virus transmission from Pet Rats to humans, Germany","volume":"15","author":"Campe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317279","article-title":"Identification and study of a poxvirus isolated from wild rodents in Turkmenia","volume":"56","author":"Marennikova","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0205","article-title":"Patterns of Orthopox Virus Wild Rodent Host in South Germany","volume":"9","author":"Essbauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.9.2542-2547.1998","article-title":"Naturally occurring orthopoxviruses: Potential for recombination with vaccine vectors","volume":"36","author":"Sandvik","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2006.9695206","article-title":"Cowpoxvirus infection in the Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patagonum) emerging disease in an educational animal park the first reported case","volume":"28","author":"Kik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tryland, M., Sandvik, T., Arnemo, J.M., Stuve, G., Olsvik, \u00d8., and Traavik, T. (1998). Antibodies against orthopoxviruses in wild carnivores from Fennoscandia. J. Wildl. Dis.","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-34.3.443"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulanger, D., Brochier, B., Crouch, A., Bennett, M., Gaskell, R.M., Baxby, D., and Pastoret, P.P. (1995). Comparison of the susceptibility of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus and to cowpox virus. Vaccine.","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)93139-Z"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"169","article-title":"Pocken bei Breitmaulnashornern (Ceratotheriilm s. simum) im Zoologischen Garten M\u00fcnster","volume":"49","author":"Schaller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Zool. Gatten N.F"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurth, A., Straube, M., Kucska, A., Dunsche, A.J., Meyer, H., and Nitsche, A. (2009). Cowpox virus outbreak in banded mongooses (mungos mungo) and jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) with a time-delayed infection to humans. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006883"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwart, P., Gispen, R., and Peters, J.C. (1971). Cowpox in okapis Okapia johnstoni at Rotterdam zoo. Br. Vet. J.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)37783-7"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1932","article-title":"Fatal cowpox virus infection in an aborted foal","volume":"16","author":"Franke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.8.244","article-title":"Cowpox virus infection causing stillbirth in an Asian elephant (Elphas maximus)","volume":"149","author":"Wisser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Hentschke, J., Meyer, H., Wittstatt, U., Ochs, A., Burkhardt, S., and Aue, A. (1999). Kuhpocken bei kanadischen bibern (castor fiver canadensis) und katzenbaren (ailurus fulgens). Tierarztl. Umsch., 54."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Cowpox virus in Llama, Italy","volume":"17","author":"Cardeti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"259","article-title":"Kuhpocken Infektion bei Alpakas (Lama glama pacos)","volume":"38","author":"Schuppel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Verh ber Erkrg Zootiere"},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Mercer, A.A., Schmidt, A., and Weber, O. (2007). Genus Orthopoxvirus: Cowpox virus. Poxviruses. Birkh\u00e4user Advances in Infectious Diseases, Birkh\u00e4user."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stemmler, M., Neubauer, H., and Meyer, H. (2001). Comparison of closely related orthopoxvirus isolates by random amplified polymorphic DNA and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Vet. Med. Ser. B.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2001.00484.x"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6073.1379","article-title":"Is cowpox misnamed? A review of 10 human cases","volume":"1","author":"Baxby","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"469","article-title":"Kongenitale \u201cEktromelie\u201d bei Pelztieren durch Orthopoxvirus muris","volume":"21","author":"Mahnel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Teirarztliche Prax."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f44c74","article-title":"Cowpox virus infection: An emerging health threat","volume":"21","author":"Vorou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00760.x","article-title":"Feline cowpox virus infection","volume":"31","author":"Bennett","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103.25.567-b","article-title":"Cowpox in the domestic cat","volume":"103","author":"Thomsett","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinrichs, U., Van De Poel, H., and Van Den Ingh, T.S.G.A.M. (1999). Necrotizing pneumonia in a cat caused by an orthopox virus. J. Comp. Pathol.","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0309"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.2.50","article-title":"Retrospective investigation of feline cowpox in Germany","volume":"150","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercer, A.A., Schmidt, A., and Weber, O. (2007). Poxviruses, Birkh\u00e4user Advances in Infectious Diseases, Birkh\u00e4user Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-7557-7"},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2020, September 30). The Global Eradication of Smallpox: Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Geneva, December 1979. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/39253\/a41438.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Henderson, D.A. (2009). Smallpox: The Death of a Disease: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer, Prometheus Books."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.08.018","article-title":"Zoonotic Brazilian Vaccinia virus: From field to therapy","volume":"92","author":"Kroon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, September 30). Laboratory Acquired Vaccinia Exposures and Infections\u2014United States, 2005\u20132007, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5715a3.htm."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.09.001","article-title":"Modified vaccinia virus Ankara as antigen delivery system: How can we best use its potential?","volume":"15","author":"Drexler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.06.002","article-title":"Enhanced immunogenicity and protective effect conferred by vaccination with combinations of modified vaccinia virus Ankara and licensed smallpox vaccine Dryvax in a mouse model","volume":"339","author":"Meseda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.061404","article-title":"Brazilian vaccinia viruses and their origins","volume":"13","author":"Trindade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.161643","article-title":"Serologic and molecular evidence of vaccinia virus circulation among small mammals from different biomes, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Miranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11909","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01833-15","article-title":"Genomic Analysis, Phenotype, and Virulence of the Historical Brazilian Smallpox Vaccine Strain IOC: Implications for the Origins and Evolutionary Relationships of Vaccinia Virus","volume":"89","author":"Medaglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249754","article-title":"Characteristics of a new poxvirus isolated from Indian buffaloes","volume":"35","author":"Baxby","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"191","article-title":"A study of the ultrastructure of the buffalo pox virus","volume":"83","author":"Bloch","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-012-0788-8","article-title":"Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of host-range (E3L, K3L, and C7L) and structural protein (B5R) genes of buffalopox virus isolates from buffalo, cattle, and human in India","volume":"45","author":"Bera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eltom, K.H., Samy, A.M., Abd El Wahed, A., and Czerny, C.-P. (2020). Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090676"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197836","article-title":"Isolation and phylogenomic analysis of buffalopox virus from human and buffaloes in India","volume":"277","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12120","article-title":"Buffalo pox outbreak with atypical features: A word of caution and need for early intervention!","volume":"52","author":"Goyal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01158.x","article-title":"Pox outbreaks in sheep and goats at Makhdoom (Uttar Pradesh), India: Evidence of sheeppox virus infection in goats","volume":"57","author":"Bhanuprakash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, Y.S., Singh, R.K., and Kuldeep, D. (2020). Buffalopox Virus. Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses\u2014Livestock Diseases and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2651-0"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.061068","article-title":"Nosocomial buffalopoxvirus infection, Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Zafar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.1996.9706107","article-title":"Biological transmissibility of buffalopox virus","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.026237-0","article-title":"Rabbitpox: A model of airborne transmission of smallpox","volume":"92","author":"Nalca","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"281","article-title":"\u201cPock-less\u201d rabbit pox","volume":"17","author":"Christensen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Care"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(58)90042-4","article-title":"The biological characters of several strains of vaccinia, cowpox and rabbitpox viruses","volume":"5","author":"Fenner","year":"1958","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01309438","article-title":"Virological investigations of specimens from buffaloes affected by buffalopox in Maharashtra State, India between 1985 and 1987","volume":"128","author":"Dumbell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050773","article-title":"Passatempo virus, a vaccinia virus strain, Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Leite","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.09.005","article-title":"Bovine vaccinia, a systemic infection: Evidence of fecal shedding, viremia and detection in lymphoid organs","volume":"162","author":"Rivetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, A.C.D., Rehfeld, I.S., Guedes, M.I.M.C., and Lobato, Z.I.P. (2018). Bovine vaccinia: Insights into the disease in cattle. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10030120"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0603","article-title":"An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine","volume":"277","author":"Damaso","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0902.020244","article-title":"Ara\u00e7atuba virus: A vaccinia-like virus associated with infection in humans and cattle","volume":"9","author":"Marques","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0857-z","article-title":"Assessing the variability of Brazilian Vaccinia virus isolates from a horse exanthematic lesion: Coinfection with distinct viruses","volume":"156","author":"Campos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.170430","article-title":"Ocular vaccinia infection in dairy worker, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trindade, G.d.S., Emerson, G.L., Sammons, S., Frace, M., Govil, D., Mota, B.E.F., Abrah\u00e3o, J.S., de Assis, F.L., Olsen-Rasmussen, M., and Goldsmith, C.S. (2016). Serro 2 virus highlights the fundamental genomic and biological features of a natural vaccinia virus infecting humans. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8120328"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.11.005","article-title":"Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains are genetically divergent and differ from the Lister vaccine strain","volume":"10","author":"Drumond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.05.028","article-title":"Real-time PCR assay to identify variants of Vaccinia virus: Implications for the diagnosis of bovine vaccinia in Brazil","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161341","article-title":"Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Urban Domestic Cats, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3121-3","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Orthopoxvirus DNA in capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) stool samples","volume":"162","author":"Dutra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200132","article-title":"An outbreak of orthopoxvirus-associated disease in horses in southern Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Brum","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrah\u00e3o, J.S., de Souza Trindade, G., Pereira-Oliveira, G., de Oliveira Figueiredo, P., Costa, G., Moreira Franco-Luiz, A.P., Lopes Assis, F., Bretas de Oliveira, D., Mattos Paim, L.R., and de Ara\u00fajo Oliveira, C.E. (2017). Detection of Vaccinia virus during an outbreak of exanthemous oral lesions in Brazilian equids. Equine Vet. J.","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12571"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03327","article-title":"An update on the known host range of the brazilian vaccinia virus: An outbreak in Buffalo Calves","volume":"9","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrah\u00e3o, J.S., Guedes, M.I.M., Trindade, G.S., Fonseca, F.G., Campos, R.K., Mota, B.F., Lobato, Z.I.P., Silva-Fernandes, A.T., Rodrigues, G.O.L., and Lima, L.S. (2009). One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: Could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil?. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007428"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins da Costa, P.S.P., Oliveira, J.S., Domingos, I.J.d.S., e Silva, P.H.B., Dutra, A.G.S., Amaral, C.D., Abrah\u00e3o, J.S., Richini Pereira, V.B., Kroon, E.G., and Barbosa Costa, G. (2020). Circulation of vaccinia virus in southern and south-eastern wildlife, Brazil. Transbound. Emerg. Dis.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13537"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.171584","article-title":"Vaccinia virus among domestic dogs and wild coatis, Brazil, 2013\u20132015","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assis, F.L., Borges, I.A., Peregrino Ferreira, P.C., Bonjardim, C.A., de Souza Trindade, G., Portela Lobato, Z.I., Maldonado Guedes, M.I., Mesquita, V., Kroon, E.G., and Abrah\u00e3o, J.S. (2012). Group 2 vaccinia virus, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120145"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2202.140747","article-title":"Dogs and opossums positive for vaccinia virus during outbreak affecting cattle and humans, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.M.S., Drumond, B.P., Guedes, M.I.M.C., Pascoal-Xavier, M.A., Almeida-Leite, C.M., Arantes, R.M.E., Mota, B.E.F., Abrah\u00e3o, J.S., Alves, P.A., and Oliveira, F.M. (2008). Virulence in murine model shows the existence of two distinct populations of Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003043"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031218","article-title":"From lesions to viral clones: Biological and molecular diversity amongst autochthonous Brazilian Vaccinia virus","volume":"7","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0324","article-title":"Bovine vaccinia outbreaks: Detection and isolation of vaccinia virus in milk samples","volume":"6","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.03.022","article-title":"Subclinical bovine vaccinia: An important risk factor in the epidemiology of this zoonosis in cattle","volume":"114","author":"Rehfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1606.091187","article-title":"Vaccinia virus infection in monkeys, Brazilian Amazon","volume":"16","author":"Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peres, M.G., Bacchiega, T.S., Appolin\u00e1rio, C.M., Vicente, A.F., De Souza Ribeiro Mioni, M., Ribeiro, B.L.D., Fonseca, C.R.S., Pel\u00edcia, V.C., Ferreira, F., and Oliveira, G.P. (2018). Vaccinia virus in blood samples of humans, domestic and wild mammals in Brazil. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010042"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1740-5","article-title":"Serological study of vaccinia virus reservoirs in areas with and without official reports of outbreaks in cattle and humans in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"158","author":"Peres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5216","article-title":"Presence of neutralizing antibodies to orthopoxvirus in capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Barbosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"698","article-title":"Serologic evidence of orthopoxvirus infection in buffaloes, Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Luiz, A.P.M., Fagundes Pereira, A., de Oliveira, C.H.S., Barbosa, J.D., Oliveira, D.B., Bonjardim, C.A., Ferreira, P.C.P., de Souza Trindade, G., Abrah\u00e3o, J.S., and Kroon, E.G. (2016). The detection of Vaccinia virus confirms the high circulation of Orthopoxvirus in buffaloes living in geographical isolation, Maraj\u00f3 Island, Brazilian Amazon. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2016.03.003"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/003947-0","article-title":"Vaccinia virus: Shedding and horizontal transmission in a murine model","volume":"89","author":"Drumond","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3353-x","article-title":"Absence of vaccinia virus detection in a remote region of the Northern Amazon forests, 2005\u20132015","volume":"162","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrah\u00e3o, J.S., de Souza Trindade, G., Ferreira, J.M.S., Campos, R.K., Bonjardim, C.A., Ferreira, P.C.P., and Kroon, E.G. (2009). Long-lasting stability of Vaccinia virus strains in murine feces: Implications for virus circulation and environmental maintenance. Arch. Virol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0470-1"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2203.151158","article-title":"Generalized cowpox virus infection in a patient with HIV, Germany, 2012","volume":"22","author":"Fassbender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.04.048","article-title":"Cross-sectional study involving healthcare professionals in a Vaccinia virus endemic area","volume":"35","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"Lobato, Z.I.P., Trindade, G.S., Frois, M.C.M., Ribeiro, E.B.T., Dias, G.R.C., Teixeira, B.M., Lima, F.A., Almeida, G.M.F., and Kroon, E.G. (2005). Outbreak of exantemal disease caused by Vaccinia virus in human and cattle in Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. e Zootec."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1567330","article-title":"Monkeypox re-emergence in Africa: A call to expand the concept and practice of One Health","volume":"17","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.09.012","article-title":"Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife\u2013Livestock\u2013Human Interface","volume":"32","author":"Hassell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"Oliveira, G.P., Fernandes, A.T.S., De Assis, F.L., Alves, P.A., Luiz, A.P.M.F., Figueiredo, L.B., De Almeida, C.M.C., Travassos, C.E.P.F., De Souza Trindade, G., and Abrah\u00e3o, J.S. (2014). Short report: Intrafamilial transmission of Vaccinia virus during a bovine vaccinia outbreak in Brazil: A new insight in viral transmission chain. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2603.191365","article-title":"Progressive vaccinia acquired through zoonotic transmission in a patient with HIV\/AIDS, Colombia","volume":"26","author":"Giraldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.008","article-title":"Monkeypox\u2014Enhancing public health preparedness for an emerging lethal human zoonotic epidemic threat in the wake of the smallpox post-eradication era","volume":"78","author":"Petersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/1\/43\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:44Z","timestamp":1760179664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/13\/1\/43"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"references-count":209,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v13010043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13010043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]}}}