{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:01:27Z","timestamp":1767045687215,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Upper respiratory obstruction is a common sequela in children with Zika-related microcephaly (ZRM). As a cross-sectional analysis nested in a cohort study, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) in children with ZRM and symptoms of respiratory obstruction. The data were collected in the first three years of life from children with ZRM who were followed in two reference centers for otorhinolaryngological care of patients with congenital Zika syndrome. Out of 92 children with confirmed ZRM, 57 were evaluated by nasopharyngoscopy after presenting with upper respiratory obstruction symptoms. In this study, 31 of the 57 (54%) children with ZRM who were evaluated had obstructive AH. Thirteen children with obstructive AH were submitted to surgery, which resulted in the complete resolution of symptoms for 11, partial resolution in 1, and no improvement in 1. No evidence of direct involvement by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the adenoid tissues was demonstrated by histology or immunohistochemistry. Our results suggest that there is a high prevalence and early presentation of AH in children with ZRM, with consequent upper airway obstruction causing upper airway obstructive disorder, secretory otitis media, and dysphagia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T21:18:57Z","timestamp":1609881537000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Prevalence of Adenoid Hypertrophy among Children with Zika Related Microcephaly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mariana C.","family":"Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Agamenon Magalh\u00e3es Hospital, Recife 52070-230, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Seabra Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife 50050-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Pinto Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Elizabeth S. C.","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agamenon Magalh\u00e3es Hospital, Recife 52070-230, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1431-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeka Jacques de F.","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5113-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirella","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen Pena de Souza","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Immunopathology Laboratory Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar\u00e3o de Lucena Hospital, Recife 50731-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marli T.","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar\u00e3o de Lucena Hospital, Recife 50731-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dem\u00f3crito","family":"Miranda-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ximenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Brickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvio S.","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (Brazil) (2018, February 20). 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