{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:49:09Z","timestamp":1788691749033,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the 1990s, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) has been used successfully to halt the westward spread of the raccoon rabies virus (RV) variant from the eastern continental USA. Elimination of raccoon RV from the eastern USA has proven challenging across targeted raccoon (Procyon lotor) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) populations impacted by raccoon RV. Field trial evaluations of the Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) were initiated to expand ORV products available to meet the rabies management goal of raccoon RV elimination. This study describes the continuation of a 2011 trial in West Virginia. Our objective was to evaluate raccoon and skunk response to ORV occurring in West Virginia for an additional two years (2012\u20132013) at 75 baits\/km2 followed by three years (2014\u20132016) of evaluation at 300 baits\/km2. We measured the change in rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) seroprevalence in targeted wildlife populations by comparing levels pre- and post-ORV during each year of study. The increase in bait density from 75\/km2 to 300\/km2 corresponded to an increase in average post-ORV seroprevalence for raccoon and skunk populations. Raccoon population RVNA levels increased from 53% (300\/565, 95% CI: 50\u201357%) to 82.0% (596\/727, 95% CI: 79\u201385%) during this study, and skunk population RVNA levels increased from 11% (8\/72, 95% CI: 6\u201320%) to 39% (51\/130, 95% CI: 31\u201348%). The RVNA seroprevalence pre-ORV demonstrated an increasing trend across study years for both bait densities and species, indicating that multiple years of ORV may be necessary to achieve and maintain RVNA seroprevalence in target wildlife populations for the control and elimination of raccoon RV in the eastern USA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T12:28:31Z","timestamp":1611577711000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Serological Responses of Raccoons and Striped Skunks to Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait in West Virginia during 2012\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shylo R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/WS\/National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Slate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/WS\/National Rabies Management Program, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, NH 03301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/WS\/National Rabies Management Program, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, NH 03301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/WS\/National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samual A.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/Wildlife Services, 730 Yokum St., Elkins, WV 26241, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/Wildlife Services, 730 Yokum St., Elkins, WV 26241, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt C.","family":"VerCauteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/WS\/National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy T.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/WS\/National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/APHIS\/WS\/National Rabies Management Program, 59 Chenell Dr., Concord, NH 03301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fooks, A.R., and Jackson, A.C. 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