{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:05:50Z","timestamp":1790802350799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI136680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI136680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI146017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI146017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 AI150472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 AI150472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are currently recommended for the first line treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. The first-generation INSTIs are effective but can select for resistant viruses. Recent advances have led to several potent second-generation INSTIs that are effective against both wild-type (WT) HIV-1 integrase and many of the first-generation INSTI-resistant mutants. The emergence of resistance to these new second-generation INSTIs has been minimal, which has resulted in alternative treatment strategies for HIV-1 patients. Moreover, because of their high antiviral potencies and, in some cases, their bioavailability profiles, INSTIs will probably have prominent roles in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Herein, we review the current state of the clinically relevant INSTIs and discuss the future outlook for this class of antiretrovirals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:25:22Z","timestamp":1611912322000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Are Effective Anti-HIV Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue Zhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario Oliveira","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Lyumkis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9925-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Terrence R.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60676-9","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and management of HIV infection","volume":"376","author":"Volberding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2019). 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