{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:45:10Z","timestamp":1790401510000,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["424774790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424774790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Else Kr\u00f6ner Memorial Stipend"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Else Kr\u00f6ner Memorial Stipend"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bavarian State Ministry for Science and the Arts","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), comprises mild courses of disease as well as progression to severe disease, characterised by lung and other organ failure. The immune system is considered to play a crucial role for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, although especially the contribution of innate-like T cells remains poorly understood. Here, we analysed the phenotype and function of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, innate-like T cells with potent antimicrobial effector function, in patients with mild and severe COVID-19 by multicolour flow cytometry. Our data indicate that MAIT cells are highly activated in patients with COVID-19, irrespective of the course of disease, and express high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A and TNF\u03b1 ex vivo. Of note, expression of the activation marker HLA-DR positively correlated with SAPS II score, a measure of disease severity. Upon MAIT cell-specific in vitro stimulation, MAIT cells however failed to upregulate expression of the cytokines IL-17A and TNF\u03b1, as well as cytolytic proteins, that is, granzyme B and perforin. Thus, our data point towards an altered cytokine expression profile alongside an impaired antibacterial and antiviral function of MAIT cells in COVID-19 and thereby contribute to the understanding of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1612384311000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells Are Highly Activated and Functionally Impaired in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4680-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Deschler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Kager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Erber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Plamena","family":"Koyumdzhieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Lahmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes R.","family":"Wiessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Voit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Horstmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Iakoubov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1005-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Treiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christof","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Ruland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk H.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Percy A.","family":"Knolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Protzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich\/Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Partner Site Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3875-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph D.","family":"Spinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Partner Site Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland M.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Quante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Freiburg University Medical Center, Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"B\u00f6ttcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive 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