{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:48:34Z","timestamp":1760233714623,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les H\u00e9patites Virales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AO-2015-1039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AO-2015-1039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV\/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV\/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV+) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV+. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV+, the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of TFH massively polarized into TFH1-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of TFR limiting TFH\/TFR competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21lo memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:33:46Z","timestamp":1612931626000},"page":"263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Trovato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Isnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4928-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Le Grand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6682-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Bosquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB\/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1769-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwenoline","family":"Borhis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolande","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12502","article-title":"B-cell responses to HIV infection","volume":"275","author":"Moir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. 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