{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:00:17Z","timestamp":1788300017459,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A2B6002396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A2B6002396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Animal Disease Management Technology Development, Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea","award":["314005-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314005-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), a zoonotic disease, is a major threat to humans and poultry health worldwide. In January 2014, HPAI virus subtype H5N8 first infected poultry farms in South Korea, and 393 outbreaks, overall, were reported with enormous economic damage in the poultry industry. We analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of HPAI H5N8 outbreaks in poultry farms using the global and local spatiotemporal interaction analyses in the first (January to July 2014) and second (September 2014 to June 2015) outbreak waves. The space\u2013time K-function analyses revealed significant interactions within three days and in an over-40 km space\u2013time window between the two study periods. The excess risk attributable value (D0) was maintained despite the distance in the case of HPAI H5N8 in South Korea. Eleven spatiotemporal clusters were identified, and the results showed that the HPAI introduction was from the southwestern region, and spread to the middle region, in South Korea. This spatiotemporal interaction indicates that the HPAI epidemic in South Korea was mostly characterized by short period transmission, regardless of the distance. This finding supports strict control strategies such as preemptive depopulation, and poultry movement tracking. Further studies are needed to understand HPAI disease transmission patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtype H5N8 in Poultry Farms, South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2683-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9329-8023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8385-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongbeom","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.10.051","article-title":"An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza","volume":"25","author":"Alexander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.03.001","article-title":"One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza a virus","volume":"1","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.140233","article-title":"Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H5N8) Viruses, South Korea, 2014","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. 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