{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:51:50Z","timestamp":1790459510434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human adenovirus (HAdV)-F40 and -F41 are leading causes of diarrhea and diarrhea-associated mortality in children under the age of five, but the mechanisms by which they infect host cells are poorly understood. HAdVs initiate infection through interactions between the knob domain of the fiber capsid protein and host cell receptors. Unlike most other HAdVs, HAdV-F40 and -F41 possess two different fiber proteins\u2014a long fiber and a short fiber. Whereas the long fiber binds to the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), no binding partners have been identified for the short fiber. In this study, we identified heparan sulfate (HS) as an interaction partner for the short fiber of enteric HAdVs. We demonstrate that exposure to acidic pH, which mimics the environment of the stomach, inactivates the interaction of enteric adenovirus with CAR. However, the short fiber:HS interaction is resistant to and even enhanced by acidic pH, which allows attachment to host cells. Our results suggest a switch in receptor usage of enteric HAdVs after exposure to acidic pH and add to the understanding of the function of the short fibers. These results may also be useful for antiviral drug development and the utilization of enteric HAdVs for clinical applications such as vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T10:01:05Z","timestamp":1613296865000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Heparan Sulfate Is a Cellular Receptor for Enteric Human Adenoviruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anandi","family":"Rajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin","family":"Palm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7999-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Trulsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Mundigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-7795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. David","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"National Veterinary Institute, SVA, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Fr\u00e4ngsmyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annasara","family":"Lenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D708","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx932","article-title":"Virus taxonomy: The database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)","volume":"46","author":"Lefkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brister, J.R., Chodosh, J., Curiel, D.T., Heim, A., Jones, M.S., Kajon, A., Lion, T., Seto, D., and Zhang, Q. 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