{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:18Z","timestamp":1787030118563,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF01DP19006A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF01DP19006A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF01DP17047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF01DP17047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection will additionally aggravate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) burden in the coming decades, with an increase in HBV-related liver diseases. Between 2018 and 2019, a total of 205 HBV patients clinically characterized as chronic hepatitis B (CHB; n = 115), liver cirrhosis (LC; n = 21), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; n = 69) were recruited. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against surface antigens (anti-HBs), and core antigens (anti-HBc) were determined by ELISA. The presence of hepatitis B viral DNA and hepatitis delta RNA was determined. Distinct HBV and HDV genotypes were phylogenetically reconstructed and vaccine escape mutations in the \u201ca\u201d determinant region of HBV were elucidated. All HBV patients were HbsAg positive, with 99% (n = 204) and 7% (n = 15) of them being positive for anti-HBc and anti-HBs, respectively. Anti-HBs positivity was higher among HCC (15%; n = 9) compared to CHB patients. The HBV-B genotype was predominant (65%; n = 134), followed by HBV-C (31%; n = 64), HBV-D, and HBV-G (3%; n = 7). HCC was observed frequently among young individuals with HBV-C genotypes. A low frequency (2%; n = 4) of vaccine escape mutations was observed. HBV-HDV coinfection was observed in 16% (n = 33) of patients with the predominant occurrence of the HDV-1 genotype. A significant association of genotypes with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme levels was observed in HBV monoinfections. The prevalence of the HDV-1 genotype is high in Vietnam. No correlation was observed between HDV-HBV coinfections and disease progression when compared to HBV monoinfections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T20:42:51Z","timestamp":1614026571000},"page":"346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Predominance of HBV Genotype B and HDV Genotype 1 in Vietnamese Patients with Chronic Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6426-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nghiem Xuan","family":"Hoan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Hoechel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Tomazatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu Xuan","family":"Anh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1669-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivas Reddy","family":"Pallerla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Thi Kieu","family":"Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Thanh","family":"Binh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bui Tien","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Linh","family":"Toan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Wedemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.-Thomas","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambarene, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5561-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian G.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Huu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thirumalaisamy P.","family":"Velavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, January 01). 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