{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:33:38Z","timestamp":1792452818523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015390","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CR3300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CR3300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China at the end of 2019 causing a large global outbreak. As treatments are of the utmost importance, drug repurposing embodies a rich and rapid drug discovery landscape, where candidate drug compounds could be identified and optimized. To this end, we tested seven compounds for their ability to reduce replication of human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E, another member of the coronavirus family. Among these seven drugs tested, four of them, namely rapamycin, disulfiram, loperamide and valproic acid, were highly cytotoxic and did not warrant further testing. In contrast, we observed a reduction of the viral titer by 80% with resveratrol (50% effective concentration (EC50) = 4.6 \u00b5M) and lopinavir\/ritonavir (EC50 = 8.8 \u00b5M) and by 60% with chloroquine (EC50 = 5 \u00b5M) with very limited cytotoxicity. Among these three drugs, resveratrol was less cytotoxic (cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) = 210 \u00b5M) than lopinavir\/ritonavir (CC50 = 102 \u00b5M) and chloroquine (CC50 = 67 \u00b5M). Thus, among the seven drugs tested against HCoV-229E, resveratrol demonstrated the optimal antiviral response with low cytotoxicity with a selectivity index (SI) of 45.65. Similarly, among the three drugs with an anti-HCoV-229E activity, namely lopinavir\/ritonavir, chloroquine and resveratrol, only the latter showed a reduction of the viral titer on SARS-CoV-2 with reduced cytotoxicity. This opens the door to further evaluation to fight Covid-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T20:19:36Z","timestamp":1614111576000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Resveratrol Inhibits HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Replication In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Pasquereau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogens &amp; Inflammation\/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 (UBFC), 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeina","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogens &amp; Inflammation\/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 (UBFC), 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Lebanese University, P.O. Box 6573\/14 Badaro Museum, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandy","family":"Haidar Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogens &amp; Inflammation\/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 (UBFC), 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Lebanese University, P.O. Box 6573\/14 Badaro Museum, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadoua","family":"Daouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMTS, EA7292, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Van Assche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMTS, EA7292, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9mentine","family":"Wallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMTS, EA7292, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMTS, EA7292, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8992-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Rohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMTS, EA7292, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, 67300 Schiltigheim, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Morot-Bizot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apex Biosolutions, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Herbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogens &amp; Inflammation\/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9 (UBFC), 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Besancon University Hospital, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey035","article-title":"Identification and characterization of Coronaviridae genomes from Vietnamese bats and rats based on conserved protein domains","volume":"4","author":"Phan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.X., Ng, Y.L., Tam, J.P., and Liu, D.X. 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