{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:21:27Z","timestamp":1790724087497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["PTDC\/BIA-CEL\/32211\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-CEL\/32211\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","award":["PD\/BD\/128436\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128436\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses are highly dependent on the host they infect. Their dependence triggers processes of virus\u2013host co-adaptation, enabling viruses to explore host resources whilst escaping immunity. Scientists have tackled viral\u2013host interplay at differing levels of complexity\u2014in individual hosts, organs, tissues and cells\u2014and seminal studies advanced our understanding about viral lifecycles, intra- or inter-species transmission, and means to control infections. Recently, it emerged as important to address the physical properties of the materials in biological systems; membrane-bound organelles are only one of many ways to separate molecules from the cellular milieu. By achieving a type of compartmentalization lacking membranes known as biomolecular condensates, biological systems developed alternative mechanisms of controlling reactions. The identification that many biological condensates display liquid properties led to the proposal that liquid\u2013liquid phase separation (LLPS) drives their formation. The concept of LLPS is a paradigm shift in cellular structure and organization. There is an unprecedented momentum to revisit long-standing questions in virology and to explore novel antiviral strategies. In the first part of this review, we focus on the state-of-the-art about biomolecular condensates. In the second part, we capture what is known about RNA virus-phase biology and discuss future perspectives of this emerging field in virology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T09:47:20Z","timestamp":1614332840000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Liquid Biomolecular Condensates and Viral Lifecycles: Review and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9024-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temitope","family":"Etibor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8233-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4129-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.09.008","article-title":"Virus factories, double membrane vesicles and viroplasm generated in animal cells","volume":"1","author":"Netherton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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