{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:08:34Z","timestamp":1790687314290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence and rapid worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted the scientific community to rapidly develop in vitro and in vivo models that could be applied in COVID-19 research. In vitro models include two-dimensional (2D) cultures of immortalized cell lines or primary cells and three-dimensional (3D) cultures derived from lung, alveoli, bronchi, and other organs. Although cell-based systems are economic and allow strict control of experimental variables, they do not always resemble physiological conditions. Thus, several in vivo models are being developed, including different strains of mice, hamsters, ferrets, dogs, cats, and non-human primates. In this review, we summarize the main models of SARS-CoV-2 infection developed so far and discuss their advantages, drawbacks and main uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1614459344000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Studying SARS-CoV-2, the Etiological Agent Responsible for COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-6433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael B.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil"},{"name":"Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willyenne M.","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5186-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica C. F.","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3397-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murilo V.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6111-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo N.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindomar J.","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife 50740-465, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Efficient management of novel coronavirus pneumonia by efficient prevention and control in scientific manner","volume":"43","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","article-title":"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","author":"Gorbalenya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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