{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:15:25Z","timestamp":1792181725691,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-11-C-0051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-11-C-0051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of multiple concurrent infectious diseases localized in the world creates a complex burden on global public health systems. Outbreaks of Ebola, Lassa, and Marburg viruses in overlapping regions of central and West Africa and the co-circulation of Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya viruses in areas with A. aegypti mosquitos highlight the need for a rapidly deployable, safe, and versatile vaccine platform readily available to respond. The DNA vaccine platform stands out as such an application. Here, we present proof-of-concept studies from mice, guinea pigs, and non-human primates for two multivalent DNA vaccines delivered using in vivo electroporation (EP) targeting mosquito-borne (MMBV) and hemorrhagic fever (MHFV) viruses. Immunization with MMBV or MHFV vaccines via intradermal EP delivery generated robust cellular and humoral immune responses against all target viral antigens in all species. MMBV vaccine generated antigen-specific binding antibodies and IFN\u03b3-secreting lymphocytes detected in NHPs up to six months post final immunization, suggesting induction of long-term immune memory. Serum from MHFV vaccinated NHPs demonstrated neutralizing activity in Ebola, Lassa, and Marburg pseudovirus assays indicating the potential to offer protection. Together, these data strongly support and demonstrate the versatility of DNA vaccines as a multivalent vaccine development platform for emerging infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1614459344000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Multivalent DNA Vaccines as a Strategy to Combat Multiple Concurrent Epidemics: Mosquito-Borne and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Bangalore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Elwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Cashman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagar B.","family":"Kudchodkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine &amp; Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Schultheis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jewell","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Tur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kar","family":"Muthumani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine &amp; Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie S.","family":"Schmaljohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine &amp; Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent M.","family":"Humeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Broderick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global Trends in Emerging Infectious Diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw239","article-title":"An Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in the Lassa Fever Zone","volume":"214","author":"Goba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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