{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T05:30:12Z","timestamp":1783834212592,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012149","name":"Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012149","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State of Minnesota","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mass mortality events of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) associated with carp edema virus (CEV) alone or in coinfections with koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an emerging issue. Despite recent outbreaks of CEV in wild carp populations, the host range of North American species has not been well studied. To that end, we intensively sampled carp (n = 106) and co-habiting native fish species (n = 5 species; n = 156 total fish) from a CEV-suspect mass-mortality event of carp in a small Minnesota lake (Lake Swartout). Additionally, fecal and regurgitant samples (n = 73 each) from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, DCCO) were sampled to test the potential of DCCO to act as a vector for virus transmission. CEV was confirmed to be widespread in the Lake Swartout carp population during the outbreak with high viral loads and histological confirmation, suggesting that CEV was the cause of the mortality event. There were no detections of CEV in any native fish species; however, DCCO regurgitant and fecal samples were positive for CEV DNA. In addition, three CEV-positive and one CEV + KHV-positive mortality events were confirmed with no observed mortality or morbidity of non-carp species in other lakes. This study provides evidence that CEV infection and disease may be specific to carp during mortality events with mixed-species populations, identifies DCCO as a potential vector for CEV, and further expands the known range of CEV, as well as coinfections with KHV, in North America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T20:33:57Z","timestamp":1614803637000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Host Range of Carp Edema Virus (CEV) during a Natural Mortality Event in a Minnesota Lake and Update of CEV Associated Mortality Events in the USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Isaiah E.","family":"Tolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"},{"name":"College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumesh","family":"K. Padhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"},{"name":"College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5567-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hundt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"},{"name":"College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemyslaw G.","family":"Bajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"},{"name":"College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"K. Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3116-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas B. D.","family":"Phelps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"},{"name":"College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.12.010","article-title":"Effect of Microbial Pathogens on the Diversity of Aquatic Populations, Notably in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Gozlan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-010-9890-9","article-title":"Non-Native Aquatic Animals Introductions Have Driven Disease Emergence in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Peeler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. 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